书写“要荒”:“八景”所见明清贵州的开发与社会变迁

Writing the Frontier: Study on the Development and Social Change of Guizhou in Ming and Qing Dynasties from the Perspective of “Eight Sights”

作为一种基于地域生态与时代文化的风景创造,"八景"不仅可以追溯一地山川、河流、植被等生态环境的历史演变踪迹,更是一种人类文化创造的丰厚积淀。要理解风景如何充当社会、经济和政治历史的宝库,离不开对我国地方史料中悠久"八景"文化的解读。古代贵州虽处边疆闭塞之地,开拓较晚,但"八景"可在明清地方志书中找到大量详细记载。在区域社会史和历史地理的多重视角下,探讨深度根植于权力与文化权威性的景观如何再现明清时期的贵州地缘政治、城镇建设、交通开发,可从文化景观面向揭示边陲贵州"内地化"的进程。"八景"在贵州的形塑,不仅是明清两代王朝对西南边疆地区的经营及施治的呈现,也是贵州社会变迁的见证;同时,"八景"塑造也与地方精英有着紧密联系,他们通过"八景"诗、"八景"画把对情感、理想、信仰与审美的诠释融于地方景观的书写,成为一个地方人们表达思想和认同的重要手段,也是普及并推进"八景"文化在明清时期贵州各地发展的重要动力。"八景"文化属于贵州古代史研究的重要组成部分,对全面研究贵州社会史有着不可或缺的作用和价值。

As a landscape creation based on regional ecology and culture in a specific historical period, "Eight Sights" can not only trace the historical evolution of mountains, rivers and vegetation, but also a rich collection of human culture creation.To understand how landscape serves as a reserve to depict society, economics and political history, it is necessary to interpret the long-existed "Eight Sights" culture in our local historical records. Although Guizhou was located in the remote southwest frontier region, we could find a large number of detailed record in local chronicles on the detailed description of the "Eight Sights" from the Qing and Ming dynasties. From the perspective of regional social history and historical geography, we explore the landscape profoundly related to power and cultural authority, and these landscapes can reproduce geopolitics, urban construction and transportation development of Guizhou in the Ming and Qing dynasties, thus reveal the process of Guizhou’s gradual assimilation to hinterland China from the cultural landscape perspective.The formation of "Eight Sights" in Guizhou is not only an indication of the operation and management of the authority towards the southwestern border areas during the Ming and Qing dynasties, but also an indication of the social changes in Guizhou. At the same time, the formation of the "Eight Sights" was closely related to local elites, who expressed their emotion, dream, religion and aesthetics through writing about local scenery. Apart from an important way for local people to express their ideas and recognition, local elites played important role in promoting and developing the "Eight Sights" culture in Guizhou during the Ming and Qing dynasties. The "Eight Sight" culture is an important part of the study of ancient history in Guizhou, which plays an indispensable role and value for the comprehensive study of Guizhou’s social history.