友爱与政治:从亚里士多德到现象学

Friendship and Politics:From Aristotle to Phenomenology

相较于近现代西方意识主体性形而上学对于友爱的普遍忽略、贬低乃至抵制,亚里士多德代表的古希腊实践哲学则将其摆置于突出地位:政治的友爱或公民友爱,同正义一起维持着城邦共同体的兴盛与发展。作为20世纪现象学思潮中的代表性哲学家,海德格尔、伽达默尔、德里达在批判地反思主体主义形而上学及其支配的近现代西方民主政治社会形态的过程中,先后将眼光瞄向亚里士多德实践哲学,并且不同程度地涉及其友爱之思,从而在现象学的崭新视域下,逐渐将友爱重新引入政治社会领域。当然,有鉴于思想重心、政治动力和对现代性问题的具体诊断等方面的某些分野,他们在友爱问题上的运思景象及其政治关联各有千秋、各有得失。

Compared to the modern western metaphysics of consciousness subjectivism,which was generally inclined to ignore,debase and even resist the relevance of friendship,Aristotle’s philosophy,being one prominent representative of the ancient Greek practical philosophy,puts it in a significant position: political friendship or citizen friendship,maintains the prosperity and development of city-state as political community with justice.As three representative philosophers in the trend of phenomenology of the 20 th century,Heidegger,Gadamer and Derrida successively give some critical reflection on the subjectivism metaphysics and the social forms of western democratic politics in modern times dominated by this kind of metaphysics,and looks to Aristotle’s practical philosophy,to different extent involving Aristotelian thinking of Friendship. As a result,they gradually reintroduced the question of friendship into the political and social fields from newly phenomenological perspectives.