基于功能和谱系视角分析繁殖留鸟对风机的响应

Resident breeding bird responses to wind turbines:A functional and phylogenetic perspective

风电作为清洁可再生绿色能源越来越受到世界各国的重视,其建设规模也在不断扩大,导致风电建设与鸟类保护的矛盾进一步凸显,如何协调风电发展与物种保护已成为生态学家和保护生物学家关注的热点主题。为了探究风机对鸟类物种、功能和谱系的影响,本研究于2019年1、3、4、5月,采用样线法对连山风电场的鸟类多样性进行了4次调查。根据样线离风机距离的远近设置4个梯度:100~300 m有6条样线,300~500 m有13条样线,500~700 m有8条样线,>700 m有5条样线。结果表明:本次调查中记录了繁殖留鸟76种,隶属于11目31科,目、科中数量最多是雀形目(53种)和画眉科(12种)。鸟类物种丰富度、功能丰富度(FRic)和谱系多样性(Faith PD)随着离风机距离的增加呈增加趋势:在500 m以内未显著增加,500 m外呈显著增加趋势;鸟类群落水平的扩散能力呈现出增加趋势。鸟类群落的平均成对功能和谱系距离的标准化效应值(SES.MFD和SES.MPD)均小于0,其中显著低于随机值的样线占比约为50%(P<0.05)。风力发电机对鸟类物种、功能和谱系的影响主要在前500 m的距离;本研究的4个梯度中,鸟类群落的功能和谱系结构均表现为聚集特征。研究证实,风机对鸟类的影响是多维度的,在评估风机对鸟类群落的影响时仅考虑物种多样性可能难以提供全面的信息。

As a clean and green renewable energy source,wind power attracts more and more attention globally,and rapidly expands its use scale.There are conflicts between wind power development and bird protection.The impacts of wind farms on birds is a hot topic for ecologists and conservationists.To estimate the effects of wind turbines on avian species diversity and their functional and phylogenetic diversity,we conducted line transect surveys in January,March,April and May 2019.Thirty-two line transects were divided into four gradients according to the distance from the wind turbines,i.e.,100-300 m(6 transects),300-500 m(13 transects),500-700 m(8 transects),>700 m(5 transects).The results showed that a total of 76 resident breeding birds were recorded,belonging to 11 orders and 31 families.Passeriformes and Timaliidae had the highest species richness(53 and 12 species,respectively).Bird species richness,functional richness(FRic),and phylogenetic diversity(Faith’s PD)were increased with increasing distance from the wind turbines.Specifically,bird richness,FRic and phylogenetic diversity increased little within 500 m of the wind turbines,whereas a significant increase occurred over 500 m from wind turbines.The community-weighted mean of dispersal ability showed an increasing trend with distance from the wind turbines.The standardized effect size of both mean pairwise functional/phylogenetic distance(SES.MFD and SES.MPD)were less than 0 in all transects,with about half of which being significantly lower than expected at random.This finding suggested that the impacts of wind farms on bird species,functional and phylogenetic diversity occurred within 500 meters from wind turbines,with a pattern of functional and phylogenetic clustering.The impacts of wind turbines on birds were multi-dimensional.It is therefore difficult to provide complete perspective on assessing the impacts of wind farms on birds when only considering species diversity.