軍亦吾之民:明末判例判牘中的衛所司法地方化

Warriors Are Also My Citizens:The Judicature Localization of Weisuo in the Case And Court Verdict of the Ming Dynasty

明初在地方設有對應正式行政區劃下辖百姓和審理都司衛所人口的兩套司法系統,並有“約問”制度以處理軍民兩涉案件。嘉靖後隨着衛所的衰敗、督撫及巡按的遍設,地方行政逐渐取代了衛所的大部分司法職能。衛所司法的地方化使得兩套司法系統演變爲以地方爲主,衛所爲辅,衛所淪爲地方司法的初審機構之一。司法地方化在不同區域表現有差異,内地舆沿海衛所表現明顯,而邊地實土衛所尚能維持基層司法的獨立性。

In the early Ming Dynasty,there were two judicial systems:in the local area that corresponded to the official local administrative divisions,the jurisdiction over people;and the other one which censored the warriors in Dusi Weisuo.There was also a Yue-wen system to deal with military-citizen cases.After Jiajing period,with the declining of Weisuo,and the popularization of Dufu and Xun'an,local administration has gradually replaced most of the judicial functions of Weisuo.The localization of Weisuo has made the two sets of judicial systems evolved into local-based,Weisuo minored and declined into one of the first-instance institutions of local justice.The localization of the judiciary has different performances in different regions.The mainland and coastal Weisuo have devolved clearly,while the border Weisuo can maintain the independence of judiciary.