论学界关于《巴黎笔记》中人之本质问题的争论——以本质的他者性为视角

On the Disputes in the Academic Circles on the Issue of Human Nature in Paris Notes——From the Perspective of Essential Otherness

《巴黎笔记》中关于人之本质的论述是抽象的、理想性的,还是具体的、现实性的,是学界长期争论不休的问题。立足于本质的他者性为我们考察这场争论提供了分析问题的新视角。要获得关于事物本质的认识,必须以他者为中介。以动物为他者,"自由自觉的劳动"作为人的本质显示出的是具体性;以后来的马克思为他者,《笔记》中关于劳动的理解具有明显的抽象性、一般性和理想性。他者性的分析方法实质上是辩证方法论在理解本质问题上的具体运用。类本质与个体本质的关系也是他者性的,以动物为他者,人作为类的抽象性和作为个体的抽象性是直接统一的。只有以他人为他者,人的本质才表现为"是一切社会关系的总和"。对于历史观,劳动只是一个考察历史的思维起点,由此出发,完全可以导向两个截然不同的方向。人的本质是抽象和具体的统一、个性和共性的统一、理想性和现实性的统一。

Is the discussion of human nature in "Notes" abstract, ideal or concrete and realistic? This is an issue that has been debated for a long time in academia. The otherness based on the essence provides us with a new perspective to analyze the problem in investigating this debate. To gain an understanding of the nature of things, one must use the other as an intermediary. Taking animals as the other, "free and conscious labor" as the essence of man shows concreteness;Taking the later Marx as the other, the understanding of labor in "Notes" is obviously abstract, general and ideal. The analysis method of the otherness is essentially the specific application of dialectical methodology in understanding the essence of the problem. In terms of the nature of the category and the nature of the individual, if taking animals as the other, then the abstraction of the human being as the category and the abstraction of the individual are directly unified. Only by treating others as the other person, the essence of human being "is the sum of all social relations." With regard to the concept of history,labor is only a starting point for thinking about history. From this, it can lead to two completely different directions. The essence of man is the unity of abstract and concrete, the unity of personality and commonality,the unity of ideality and reality.