仿生防冰表面研究进展

Research Progress of Biomimetic Anti-icing Surface

飞机、风电设备和输电线路等覆冰会降低工作效率,造成财产损失,严重时甚至威胁人民生命安全。仿生防冰表面具有低能耗、低污染等优点,成为国际研究热点。首先概述了仿生防冰表面的概念,根据作用机理将仿生防冰表面分为超疏水表面和超润滑表面。分别详细地介绍了两种防冰表面的防冰机理、仿生对象及制备技术。超疏水表面改变水的润湿状态,延迟水滴结冰,减小冰粘附强度,其仿生对象包括荷叶、水稻叶等,其制备技术包括光刻、等离子刻蚀等自上而下方法,及喷涂、化学气相沉积等自下而上方法。超润滑表面将固-气-液界面作用时的空气层替换为液体层,增强润滑,减小冰粘附,其仿生对象包括猪笼草、箭蛙皮肤等,其制备技术主要为多孔制备方法。随后介绍了仿生防冰表面技术的发展趋势。在保证表面疏水/冰性能的同时,直接或间接增强表面的稳定性和耐久性,构建具有良好环境适应性(如超双疏、柔性、透明、自清洁等)与防冰结合的多功能融合表面,是未来仿生防冰表面的重要发展趋势。最后,对当前仿生防冰表面的发展和挑战进行了展望。

Icing on aircraft,wind power equipment and transmission lines will reduce work efficiency,cause property losses,and even threaten people's life and safety.Biomimetic anti-icing surface has the advantages of low energy consumption and low pollution,and has become an international research edge.Firstly,the concept of biomimetic anti-icing surface is identified in this paper.According to the action mechanism,biomimetic anti-icing surface is divided into two category including super-hydrophobic surface and super-lubricating surface.The anti-icing mechanism,biomimetic object and preparation technology of the two anti-icing surfaces are introduced in detail.The super-hydrophobic surface changes the wetting state of water,delays the freezing of water droplets and reduces the ice adhesion strength.Its biomimetic objects include lotus leaves,rice leaves and so on.Its preparation technology includes top-down methods such as lithography and plasma etching,and bottom-up methods such as spraying and chemical vapor deposition.The super-lubricated surface replaces the air layer at the solid-gas-liquid interface with the liquid layer to enhance lubrication and reduce ice adhesion.Its biomimetic objects include pitcher,arrow frog skin and so on.The preparation technology mainly adopts porous preparation method.Then the development trend of biomimetic anti-icing surface is introduced.Enhancing the stability and durability of the anti-icing surface directly or indirectly,and building a multi-functional fusion surface with good environmental adaptability,such as combining super-amphiphobic surface,transparent surface,flexible surface,self-cleaning surface with biomimetic anti-icing surface,is an important development trend of biomimetic anti-icing surface in the future.Finally,the development and challenges of biomimetic anti-icing surface are prospected.