中国公共卫生应急指挥体系探析

Public Health Emergency Command System of China

2003年抗击严重急性呼吸综合征(SARS)之后,我国逐步形成了以“一案三制”为核心的国家应急管理体系。党的十八大以来,随着党和国家更加重视应急管理工作,特别是2018年应急管理部成立、2020年新冠肺炎应对取得重大战略成果,我国应急管理事业进入了新的发展阶段。为全面了解我国公共卫生应急指挥体系的演变历程、现状特征和面临的挑战,以期更好完善我国公共卫生应急指挥体系,本文采用文献调研、理论分析和案例对比等多种方法,梳理比较了SARS、甲型H1N1流感和新型冠状病毒肺炎防控应急指挥体系,总结提出了中国公共卫生应急指挥体系建设的改进对策。结果发现,我国公共卫生应急指挥体系在多次重大突发公共卫生事件的应急实践中发挥了重要作用并不断发展进步,同时我国公共卫生应急指挥体系在领导体制、运行机制等方面也面临着诸多挑战。基于此,本文从完善联防联控机制、加强应急法制建设、强化专家咨询作用、明确央地权责等方面,有针对性地提出了政策建议。

China has formed a national emergency management system consisting of“one contingency plan and three sets of institutions”since the outbreak of the severe acute respiratory syndrome(SARS)in 2003.This system is further improved after the establishment of the Ministry of Emergency Management in 2018 and the great achievements made in the fight against the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19).This study aims to improve China’s public health emergency command system via investigating the history,current status,and challenges of the system.In this article,we summarize the emergency command systems responding to the SARS outbreak,the H1N12009 pandemic,and the COVID-19 pandemic using literature research,theoretical analysis,and case comparison.China’s public health emergency command system played a significant role in dealing with these public health emergencies and has been increasingly improved;however,it still faces various challenges.Therefore,we propose several policy suggestions to address these challenges,which involve the aspects of joint prevention and control mechanism,system of law for public health emergencies,advisory board,and central-local relations.