基因编辑与人的尊严——关于基因技术革命的伦理学思考

Gene Editing and Human Dignity——Ethical Reflection on the Revolution of Gene Technology

生物技术革命所带来的基因编辑技术,使人类充当"上帝"的角色,成为自身的造物主,具有"设计生命"和"人的再造"的能力,但这一技术革命却带来了对人类尊严的存在论根基的严重挑战,引发了最深刻的伦理学新问题。当代自由主义优生学者提出,人类能够以"玩弄上帝"的方式去改变和重新创造人类自身,而这一再创造的存在论后果却是一个悖谬:人类在获得极度自由的同时,却摧毁了人之为人的尊严的根基,从而彻底失去生命存在的自由本性。按照康德的教诲,尊严是人之为人的最高伦理价值,尊严并不仅仅是出于个体自主性的"权利"和"自尊",而是出于普遍道德自主性之上的"责任"和"敬重",人的自由本性的道德自律才是人的尊严和崇高所在。后形而上学思想家进一步发展了康德的尊严观点,在他者和公共性维度上提出一种建立在承认、交互性和交往共同体基础之上的新尊严理论。面对生物技术的滥用和人类尊严受到的挑战,伦理学需要保卫和重建尊严概念,在"自由者的共在关系"中寻求尊严的基础和规范性的力量,从开放的"我们"推演出对"未来人"的责任。

The revolution of gene technology and development of gene editing technology empower human beings to play the God’ s role and become their own creator, with the ability to design life and recreate human beings, however, the revolution of gene technology has brought serous challenges to the ontological foundation of human dignity, which raises the most profound new ethical issues. Contemporary liberal Eugenist put forward that the human beings can be able to change and recreate human beings by "playing god", but its ontological consequence is a paradoxical, when human beings gain the greatest freedom, at the same time, they destroy the foundation of the dignity of human beings, finally, they lost the freedom nature of life completely. According to Kant’s view, dignity is the highest ethical value of human beings,and dignity is not only derived from the "right" and "self-esteem" of individual autonomy, but also from the "responsibility" and "respect" of universal moral autonomy. The foundation of human beings’ dignity and sublime lie in the universal legislative ability of freedom nature of human beings. In addition, the postmetaphysical philosopher further developed Kant’ s theory of dignity and put forward a new theory of dignity, based on recognition, interactivity and communicative community, in the dimension of otherness and publicity. In the face of the abuse of biotechnology and the challenge to human dignity, it is necessary to defend and reconstruct the foundation of human dignity. This paper will seek the foundation and normative power of dignity in the co-existence of human beings, and derive the responsibility to the "future man" from the open "we".