油页岩开采技术现状与展望

Present situation and prospect of oil shale mining technology

油页岩作为一种开发利用时间较早的非常规资源,开采方式长期以异地开采为主,对环境破坏严重。随着原位改造和开采技术的进步,占总资源量高达70%左右的埋深300~1500 m的中深层油页岩开发获得了新的发展契机。为梳理国内外油页岩原位开采的技术进展,了解油页岩原位开采现状,预测原位开采技术发展趋势,本文总结了现阶段油页岩原位开采技术发展特点,尤其是原位开采催化技术等下一代开发关键技术。目前原位加热有电加热、蒸汽加热、辐射加热、燃烧加热四种地层加热方式。催化剂的加入能有效提高原位开采的效率和油气品质,当前主要有金属盐类和黏土类催化剂。对比发现CoCl_(2)·6H_(2)O与蒙脱土混合制成的联合催化剂可使反应起始温度降低约70℃,能大幅提高反应效率。原位开采将是未来油页岩开发利用的主要模式,要力求在勘探方式上实现与物探、遥感等技术的结合,前期工作中重视数值模拟,催化剂设计上高效可循环,从而保证开发高效、生态稳定,实现油页岩开发的可持续发展。

Oil shale,as a kind of unconventional resources with earlier development and utilization time,is mainly exploited in different places for a long time,which causes serious damage to the environment.With the progress of in-situ transformation and mining technology,the development of middle and deep oil shale with a buried depth of 300~1500 m,which accounts for 70%of the total resources,has obtained a new great development opportunity.In order to sort out the technical progress of oil shale in-situ mining at home and abroad,find out the status quo of oil shale in-situ mining,and predict the development trend of in-situ mining technology,this paper summarizes the development characteristics of oil shale in-situ mining technology at this stage,especially the next generation of key development technologies such as in-situ mining catalytic technology.At present,there are four kinds of formation heating methods:electric heating,steam heating,radiation heating and combustion heating.The addition of catalysts can effectively improve the efficiency of in-situ production and the quality of oil and gas,mainly including metal salts and clay catalysts.It is found that the combined catalyst made of CoCl_(2)·6H_(2)O and montmorillonite can reduce the initial reaction temperature by about 70℃ and greatly improve the reaction efficiency.In-situ mining will be the main mode of oil shale development and utilization in the future.We should strive to realize the combination of geophysical exploration and other technologies in exploration methods,pay attention to numerical simulation in the preliminary work,and highly efficient and recyclable catalyst design,so as to ensure efficient development and ecological stability,and realize the sustainable development of oil shale development.