儿童成长型思维干预的理论基础和实践走向

Theories Development and Intervention Practices of Children’s Mindsets

思维模式是人们关于智力是否可塑的内隐信念,是个体内隐意义系统的核心和组织者。个体的思维模式可以分为成长型思维和固定型思维,其中成长型思维有利于儿童学习动机、自我效能和心理韧性的发展。早期的儿童成长型思维干预主要采用面对面的方式,近年来线上的短时程干预得到了快速发展,进而促进了干预的规模化应用,干预的内容也从内隐智力理论拓展到内隐人格理论。对干预效果的评估显示,成长型思维干预能够对儿童学业发展和社会适应产生可持续的促进作用,且对学业困难群体作用更为显著。未来的研究应重视面向对象的干预程序开发,创建有利于成长型思维发展的环境,同时应注意避免实践中的简单化偏差。

The growth mindset is the belief that human intellectual capacities are not fixed but can be developed over time,and mindset research illustrates the power of growth mindset to influence human behavior.Mindset can serve an organizing function,bringing together motivations,beliefs and behaviors into a meaning system of behavior guiding and play as a core role.In recent decades,the research on mindsets prove that children’s mindsets are malleable,therefore could be changed thru effective intervention to promote their motivation and adaption.Early growth-mindset interventions were delivered face to face,nowadays new interventions conducted online are more and more impressive with elaborated design and efficient theory delivery,and have been replicated on a large scale.These progresses lead the mindsets research into a new period of intervention and application characterized by online delivery,longitudinal designs,scalable replications and extensions into sociality fields.Evaluations show elaborate brief and online interventions could improve the self-efficacy,motivation,resilience and academic outcomes of children,and reduce the risk of youth psychopathology.On the basis of the review of implications from the interventions and replications,the current paper points out some promise directions.