氮肥减施对马铃薯产量及水分利用效率的影响

Effects of nitrogen fertilizer reduction applied on yield and water use efficiency of potato

【目的】探究阴山北麓干旱半干旱地区氮肥减施和肥料替代对马铃薯生长及水分利用效率的影响。【方法】研究区域为内蒙古武川旱作试验站,设置平衡施用氮磷钾肥(NPK)、减施氮肥20%(RN)、不施氮肥(PK)、减施氮肥20%+水溶肥替代总施氮量的20%(RN+WF)、减施氮肥20%+羊粪替代总施氮量的20%(RN+SM)、减施氮肥20%+生物有机肥替代总施氮量的20%(RN+BM)、减施氮肥20%+缓控释尿素替代总施氮量的20%(RN+RUN)7个处理,以NPK为对照,分析不同施肥处理下马铃薯生长、产量和水分利用效率的差异,并测定0~100 cm土层土壤含水量。【结果】不同施肥处理马铃薯干物质积累量、叶面积指数、产量、水分利用效率均显著高于NPK处理(P<0.05),以RN+BM处理表现最佳。在RN+BM处理下,马铃薯产量为39353.40 kg/hm^(2),较NPK处理提高16.95%;RN+BM处理水分利用效率为165.44 kg/(hm^(2)·mm),较NPK处理提高8.86%。在马铃薯全生育期,随着土层深度的增加各处理土壤含水量呈先升高后降低的变化趋势。【结论】施肥处理为减施氮肥20%+生物有机肥替代总施氮量的20%时,马铃薯产量和水分利用效率在各处理间表现最佳,是较为适宜阴山北麓干旱半干旱地区马铃薯种植的施肥模式。

【Objective】To investigate the effects of nitrogen reduction and fertilizer replacement on potato growth and water use efficiency in arid and semi-arid area of northern piedmont of Yinshan Mountain.【Methods】The research area was Wuchuan Dry Farming Experimental Station in Inner Mongolia.Seven treatments were set up:the balanced application of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium fertilizer(NPK),20%reduction of nitrogen application(RN),no nitrogen application(PK),20%reduction of nitrogen application+water soluble fertilizer to replace 20%of the total nitrogen application(RN+WF),20%reduction of nitrogen application+sheep dung to replace 20%of the total nitrogen application(RN+SM),20%reduction of nitrogen application+bio-organic fertilizer to replace 20%of the total nitrogen application(RN+BM)and 20%reduction of nitrogen application+slow-release urea to replace 20%of total nitrogen application(RN+RUN),and with NPK as the control,the differences of potato growth,yield and water use efficiency under different fertilization treatments were analyzed,and the soil water content in 0-100 cm soil layer was measured.【Results】The dry matter accumulation,leaf area index,yield and water use efficiency of potato under different fertilization treatments were significantly higher than those under NPK treatment(P<0.05),and RN+BM treatment had the best performance.Under RN+BM treatment,the potato yield was 39353.40 kg/hm^(2),16.95%higher than that under NPK treatment.The water use efficiency of RN+BM treatment was 165.44 kg/(hm^(2)·mm),which was 8.86%higher than that of NPK treatment.During the whole growth period of potato,soil water content increased firstly and then decreased with the increase of soil depth.【Conclusion】Potato yield and water use efficiency were the best among different treatments when 20%reduction of nitrogen application+bio-organic fertilizer to replace 20%of the total nitrogen application,which was more suitable for potato planting in arid and semi-arid area at the northern piedmont of Yinshan Mountain.