收入分化、制度僵滞与外来的挑战

Income Split,Institution Rigidity and Challenge from Outside

偏重于效率的经济改革导致了收入分化的加剧,在很大程度上造成了中国目前制度僵滞的状态。在不同利益集团的博弈过程中,短期内富人集团不会主动放弃既得利益,但从长期内可能出现的公共悲剧的结果来看,富人集团不得不改变现存的规则。富人集团内部的博弈由于投票权的不明确以及惩罚和激励的不完备而不得不借助于政府力量的推动。由于短期内政府受富人集团的影响较大、政府管制的加强和寻租活动的广泛存在,政府对收入分化的政策可能会因为对所有制的歧视而发生"厨房的悲剧",同时财政支出的刚性特征也制约着税制改革,个人所得税和转移支付制度这一公平分配的工具难以施展。在外部的竞争压力下,较长时期内,中国制度的僵滞状态可能会打破,从而在市场化扩大的过程中穷人与富人的谈判更加对等,收入分化加剧的趋势将会得到缓解。

The economic reform which put more emphasis on efficiency has led to an increasing income split and in greater degree caused institution rigidity.In the process of game between different profit groups,the rich group will not give up their gained benefits voluntarily in the short time,however,in the long run they have to change the current regulation,for they will face a result of public tragedy.The game inside the rich group has to get aid from the government to promote the process because of the problem of uncertainty of vote right and imperfect punishment and motivation.In the short run,the rich can mostly affect the government.With the strengthening of government regulation and the universal existence of rentseeking,the government policy of income split will probably induce the kitchen tragedy because of discirmination to the system of ownership. In the mean time, the rigid characteristics of fiscal expenditure constrains tax system reform,which makes it difficult for the utility of tools,that is,individual income tax and transfer payment,to distribute income fairly.Under the pressure of competition from outside,it is possible to break through the situation of institutions rigidity in the long run,and thus equalizing the negotiation between the rich and the poor in the process of market expansion,and relieving the tendency of the intensification of income split.