世界优秀高山滑雪运动员的核心竞技能力及训练特征研究进展

Research Progress on Core Competitive Ability and Training Characteristics of the World’s Elite Alpine Skiing Athletes

基于WebofScience等数据库中有关冬奥会高山滑雪的文献,综述世界优秀运动员的核心竞技能力及训练特征。研究发现,世界优秀高山滑雪运动员:1)比赛时的主要供能形式为无氧代谢,但有氧代谢对其运动成绩也具有重要作用;2)具备良好的下肢离心力量和肌力平衡能力;下滑、转弯乃至摔倒/跌倒后仍可保持高速;3)普遍采用卡宾转弯技术,呈现明显的双腿共负荷特征;技术动作姿势的改变会引起空气阻力的相应变化,并与坡度、雪况密切相关;4)训练呈“夏体能非夏技术”的周期性特征,板块训练应用广泛;高强度间歇训练、高原训练和模拟训练为常用训练方法;雪上与陆上训练负荷的构成差异显著。

Based on the literature of the Winter Olympics alpine skiing events in the Web of Science database,this article summarizes the core competitive ability and training characteristics of the world’s elite athletes.The results indicate that in the world’s elite alpine skiing athletes:1)Anaerobic is the main metabolic type during the competition,where aerobic metabolic capacity is also crucial for the performance;2)there is a good eccentric strength and balance ability of muscle strength of lower extremities;the speed of skiing down,turning or even falling and crashing is fast;3)carving turning technique is widely used,which shows obvious co-load characteristics of both legs;and the change of action posture will cause the corresponding change of air resistance,which is closely related to the slope and snow condition;4)the training arrangement shows the periodic characteristics of“physical fitness in summer and technique in non summer”and often adopts block training;common training methods include high intensity interval,high-altitude and simulation training method;there is a significant difference in the composition of training load between snow and land.