清代满族精英的私学教育与文化选择——以阿桂家族为例

Private Education and Cultural Choice of Manchu Elites in Qing Dynasty:Take the Agūi’s Family as an Example

以阿桂家族私学教育为考察个案,梳理分析清代满族精英私学教育的内容、特点、作用及影响等问题,探讨满族精英的文化选择,为丰富发展“中华民族多元一体格局”的理论成果及铸牢中华民族共同体意识提供一定历史借鉴。满族精英私学内容注重儒学科举教育、伦理道德传承和“国语骑射”教育;私学特点呈现出重视程度高、教育内容多元及儒学文化与满族文化并重;私学作用体现在促进家族发展、清代“大一统”格局的构建及民族融合等方面;私学教育影响满族精英形成对儒学文化及本民族文化的双重认同。私学教育问题实际反映出清代满族精英的文化选择,即在保留本民族文化的同时主动融入中华大家庭的文化。这表明满族在实现文化自觉的过程中,不仅继承发扬了中华文化的符号特质,而且增添了鲜活生动的文化元素,有助于中华文化的交融发展和民族文化向心力的形成。

This paper selects the private school education of the eight banners as the research perspective,and takes the Agūi’s family as the case to analyze the content,characteristics,functions and influence of the private school education of Manchu elites,so as to further explore the cultural choice of Manchu elites in the Qing Dynasty,which will be enrich the theoretical achievements of“The plural patterns in an integral whole of the Chinese nation”and be used for reference in the construction of the community consciousness of the Chinese nation.Specifically speaking,Manchu elites paid attention to education of Confucian imperial examination,the inheritance of ethics and morality,and the education of“riding and shooting in Mandarin”;At the same time,Manchu elites showed the characteristics of high degree of attention,diversified educational contents and equal emphasis on Confucianism and Manchu culture,which played an important role in promoting the development of the family,the construction of the pattern of“great unification”in the Qing Dynasty and national integration.In addition,private education made Manchu elites form a dual level identity of Confucianism culture and national culture.The problem of private school education in this study actually reflects the cultural choice of Manchu elites in Qing Dynasty,that is,to actively integrate into the culture of the Chinese family while retaining the national culture.This shows that the Manchu in the process of realizing cultural consciousness,Manchu not only inherited and developed the symbolic characteristics of Chinese culture,but also added fresh and vivid cultural elements,which was conducive to the integration and development of Chinese culture and the formation of the centripetal force of national culture.