兰学翻译“直译”“义译”原则的提出与溯源

"Zhiyi" and "Yiyi" Invented by Rangaku Translators and Their Source

江户末期,日本兰学医者杉田玄白在德国解剖学译著《解体新书》的《凡例》中提出了"翻译""义译"和"对译"(即音译)三种翻译方法,其弟子大槻玄泽重订该书时收录的《旧刻解体新书凡例》则称"翻译"为"直译"。根据大槻《六物新志·凡例》和《兰畹摘芳·凡例》的相关记载推测,《旧刻解体新书凡例》对翻译方法的命名应是杉田在《解体新书》的修订工作开始以前就曾提出过的,而非大槻重订时首创。另一方面,《解体新书》提出的翻译方法明显继承了中国的佛经汉译理论,我们不仅可以在南宋的《翻译名义集》中发现对应术语,更可追溯到唐末五代时期成书的《四分律行事钞简正记》,其中的"正翻"和"义翻"与早期兰学家操用的翻译术语完全相符。

In the late Edo period, the Rangaku doctor Sugita Genpaku invented three translation methods called "Fanyi," "Yiyi" and "Duiyi" when he was translating Kaitai Shinsho, a German anatomical book. His disciple, Otsuki Gentaku, made a revision of Kaitai Shinsho and replaced "Fanyi" with "Zhiyi" in "Explanatory Notes for the Old Version of Kaitai Shinsho." According to "Explanatory Notes for Liu Wu Xin Zhi" and "Explanatory Notes for Lan Wan Zhi Fang" written by Otsuki, the names of translation methods in "Explanatory Notes for the Old Version of Kaitai Shinsho" probably had been proposed by Sugita before the revision started, and were not initiated by Otsuki. On the other hand, the translation methods proposed in Kaitai Shinsho apparently inherited the Chinese-Translation Methodology of Buddhist Scriptures. We found corresponding terms not only in Fan Yi Ming Yi Ji written in the Southern Song Dynasty but also in Si Fen Lv Xing Shi Chao Jian Zheng Ji written in the period from the Late Tang to the Five Dynasties. "Zhengfan" and "Yifan" mentioned in these two books were identical with the terms used by early Rangaku scholars.