元代叶尼塞河上游森林部落的内迁和演变——以憨哈纳思为例

Qabqanas: The Southbound Migration and Evolution of Woodlands Tribes in Upper Reaches of Yenisei River in Yuan

憨哈纳思是12—14世纪生活在叶尼塞河上游的一个森林部落,在元代史料中又写作"合卜合纳思""憾哈纳思""撼合纳""憨哈那思"等。13世纪初,憨哈纳思及相邻的森林部落被蒙古征服,元朝建立后,由中央所设的五部断事官进行统治。在元代统一的背景下,憨哈纳思及其他森林部落民不断迁入内地,一部分归入上都路的打捕鹰房,后又迁至东北、山东等地,"憨哈纳思"这一部落名称逐渐演化成"狩猎者"的职务名称。

In Yuan,Qabqanas was one of the tribes living in woodlands of the upper reaches of Yenisei River. It was incorporated into Mongols in the early thirteenth century. As later Yuan unified entire China,the tribe gradually moved south and sojourned in the interior. Then it was relocated in the Northeast and Shandong. Finally,Qabqanas,the tribal title,metamorphosized into an official title denoting hunter.