晚清上海道契土地数据的再认识(1843—1911)

Rethink: The Title Deed Issued by Circuit of Shanghai,1843-1911

本文从测绘技术角度出发,对晚清上海地区颁发的道契土地面积精度进行系统的考察。发现:1.在会丈局成立之前,未严格执行《土地章程》关于土地丈量规定,不少田单在转换道契时,未经官方重新勘丈即立契,特别是道契因二次交易产生的副契,这种情况更加严重;2.会丈局成立后,通过订立《上海会丈局酌议定章》,完善了道契测量、颁发流程,且杜绝了地保等以权谋私从中牟利的各种流弊,提高了道契数据精度:一方面查缺补漏,对未经官方勘丈又需交易的土地,须由官方勘丈后立契;另一方面订正了原田单中大量的错误数据;3.1900年之后公共租界清丈处成立后,由工部局派员参与租界土地勘丈,并负责编绘地图。由于采用了西方测绘技术,得出的道契土地精度明显高于会丈局。4.19世纪末,随着西方技术逐步引入,上海土地勘丈技术也有所提高,特别是采用新弓法,并使用经纬仪、平板仪、刻划带尺等科学精密仪器,采用测记法、支距法、交线法和极坐标法等测绘成图,提高了精度。

The present paper,resorting to the surveying and mapping technology,comprehensively reexamines the precision accuracy of area of land recorded in title deeds issued by the Circuit of Shanghai in late Qing. It points out that Huizhangju( Bureau of Land Survey) substantially increased the accuracy of land measurement;that Qingzhangchu( Department of Land Survey) of International Settlement outperformed Huizhangju since the dawning of the twentieth century;and that,in Shanghai,the technology of land survey improved remarkably due to the introduction of W estern technology.