中国宪法上基本权利限制的形式要件

The Formal Requirements of Restriction on Fundamental Rights in Chinese Constitution

中国宪法上有多项基本权利属于无保留的基本权利,即相应的基本权利条文中既无明确的法律保留附款,也无明确的宪法保留附款。针对此类基本权利的限制应当适用何种形式要件,学理层面存在适用法律保留、适用宪法保留、保留否弃三种理论观点。中国宪法未明文规定基本权利限制的形式要件,目的在于促进基本权利保障程度的最大化。保留否弃的观点背离了基本权利保障程度最大化的规范目的。宪法保留虽在理念上契合这一规范目的,但从比较法上看,其内涵在实践中往往发生蜕变,以致失去基本权利限制形式要件的意义,因而亦不可行。适用法律保留不仅有利于充分保障基本权利,也能得到民主与法治原则、功能适当理论以及宪法第33条第4款的支持。

A number of fundamental rights in Chinese Constitution are guaranteed in an unreserved manner,that is,there is no explicit reservation clause on these rights either in laws or in the Constitution.There are three theoretical views on the question of what formal requirement should be applied to the restriction on these fundamental rights,that is,reservation in law,reservation in constitution,and abandonment of reservation.Chinese Constitution does not expressly provide the formal requirement of restriction on fundamental rights,so as to maximize the guarantee of these rights.The theory of abandonment of reservation is contrary to the normative purpose of maximizing the guarantee of fundamental rights.Although the theory of reservation in constitution conceptually agrees with this normative purpose,from the perspective of comparative law,its connotation often changes in practice,so that it loses the character of the formal requirement for rights restriction,and therefore is not feasible either.The theory of reservation in law is most conducive to the safeguarding of fundamental rights and it is also supported by the principles of democracy and rule of law,the theory of functional propriety,and Article 33 paragraph 4 of the Chinese Constitution.