犯罪故意概念中的“危害社会”:规范判断与归责机能

Harmfulness to Society in Criminal Intention:Normative Judgment and Function of Imputation

"危害社会"是我国刑法故意概念中最具特色的表述。在规范责任论下,故意的判断不再是单纯的事实认定,而是规范评价。故意概念中的"危害社会"表明,进行故意归责时,行为人必须具有形成反对动机的可能性。成立故意犯罪时,只要求行为人明知构成要件事实;"危害社会"不是明知的内容,其只是对行为或结果属性的修饰或表达。应当根据法规范标准说,立足行为时,以行为人认识的内容为判断素材,由作为法规范总和的国家,对"危害社会"作出符合科学法则的判断。成立故意犯罪时,行为人不必具有现实的违法性认识,形式违法性认识可能性只是用以判断实质违法性认识可能性的资料。"危害社会"为实质违法性认识可能性在故意概念中留下了一席之地,因此不必在故意之外再讨论违法性认识可能性问题。

In Chinese Criminal Law,"harmfulness to society"is the most characteristic expression in the concept of intention.Under the theory of normative culpability,to judge whether the actor intentionally committed a crime is no longer a simple fact-based judgment,but a normative judgment."Harmfulness to society"shows that when consequences can be attributed to an actor,the actor must have the possibility of forming opposed motives.Intention means that the actor needs to know the facts,but he is not required to know whether his act is harmful to society."Harmfulness to society"is used only to describe the nature of the act or the result.Norm standard theory means that,according to the laws of science,the state(as the total sum of norms)should use the facts recognized by the actor as judgmental materials to judge whether the act is harmful to society.Intention does not require the actor to know whether his act is prohibited by criminal law.The possibility of formal illegal consciousness is just the material used to judge the possibility of substantial illegal consciousness."Harmfulness to Society"has already covered the possibility of substantial illegal consciousness,and there is no need to discuss the possibility of illegal consciousness beyond the intention.