全国人大兜底职权的论证方法

Methods of Argumentation of the Miscellaneous Provision on the Powers of the National People’s Congress

全国人大兜底职权规范系《宪法》第62条第16项"应当由最高国家权力机关行使的其他职权",这是中国宪法应对新权力的最重要弹性机制,也是一项颇具理论魅力又困难重重的议题。基于公法原理中的职权法定原则,以新权力所需具有的权源依据为标准,全国人大兜底职权蕴含依次递进的三重内容:宪法法律分散式授予全国人大的"其他列举职权",为了执行宪法法律已列举全国人大权力的"附带职权"以及重大事项决定权脉络上的"固有职权"。立足依法科学行权要求,三类职权各自遵循不同的论证方法。通过宪法法律规范的识别与梳理,必要时辅以文义解释,可以确认其他列举职权。附带职权则主要依据宪法法律已列举权力开展目的论解释。固有职权实质上在于确证"国家重大事项"标准,方法上主要依靠结构论搭建的法权秩序,并将全国人大行权能力、实践惯例等作为补充论证资源。该套论证方法可以指导全国人大新权力实践,提升其权力运作的宪法理性和规范化程度。

The miscellaneous provision on the powers of the National People’s Congress(NPC)refers to Article 62(16)of the 1982 Constitution,which provides that the NPC may"…exercise such other functions and powers as the highest organ of state power should exercise".The provision is the most important elastic mechanism in the Chinese Constitution for dealing with new powers and a major constitutional issue that has both theoretical charm and difficulties.Based on the public law principle of statutory functions and powers and taking the normative source of new power as the standard,the miscellaneous provision on the functions and powers of the NPC have three successively higher-level contents:"other enumerated functions and powers"individually granted to the NPC by the Constitution and laws,"incidental functions and powers"necessary for exercising the functions and powers already enumerated in the Constitution and laws,and"inherent powers"in the context of major decision-making power.Based on the requirement of law-based and scientific exercise of powers,the above three categories of functions and powers have different argumentation methods."Other enumerated functions and powers"are mainly confirmed through the identification and review of constitutional and legal norms,supplemented by textual interpretation when necessary."Incidental functions and power"is mainly based on the teleological interpretation of NPC powers already enumerated in the Constitution and laws.And the justification of"inherent functions and powers"is based on the constitutional interpretation of structuralism,complemented by other argumentation resources,such as NPC’s competence of action and relevant practices and conventions.This system of argumentation method can guide the practice of new powers of the NPC and enhance the constitutional rationality and standardization of the operation of the NPC’s powers.