从“天下”到“世界”:晚清战争法的古今之变

From “All-under-heaven” to “the World”: the Ancient-to-Modern Transformation of the Law of War in Late Qing Dynasty

中国古代战争法是中国古人天下观的产物。天下观对中国古代战争法形成与发展的意义,在于它规定了人们对于战争定义的思考路径、对于战争中敌我关系的认识,并决定了对战争行为进行规制的特有思路,型塑着中国传统的战争行为模式。因此,中国古代两千多年的战争法亦可被视为"天下"战争法。晚清时期,天下战争法因清廷军事上的失败逐渐走向解体,其直接动因是西方殖民者带来的欧洲战争法。天下战争法与欧洲战争法的冲突,体现在战争观念、战争主体、交战规则和战争约束机制等方面,背后隐藏的则是不同的政治哲学体系、知识—权力架构和世界理想图景。晚清战争法的古今之变,经历了从"天下"到"万国"再到"世界"的历程,其间不仅贯穿着中国的主体性思考和判准,也作为一种参与式建构力量,形塑了现代战争法的全球化形态,为新时代探寻治理战争的中国方案提供了理论资源和实践参照。

The ancient Chinese law of war was the product of ancient Chinese people’s view of the All-under-heaven.The significance of the view of All-under-heaven to the formation and development of the ancient Chinese law of war lies in the fact that it stipulated the people’s approach to the definition of war and the understanding of the relationship between the enemy and ourselves in war,determined the unique thinking of regulation of war behavior,and shaped the traditional Chinese mode of war behavior.Therefore,the 2,000-year-old ancient Chinese law of war can also be regarded as the"All-under-heaven"law of war.In late Qing Dynasty,the All-under-heaven law of war gradually disintegrated as a result of the military failure of the Qing Government,and its direct cause was the European law of war brought by the western colonists.The conflict between the All-under-heaven law of war and the European law of war was manifested in the concept of war,the subject of war,the rules of engagement,the restraint mechanism of war,etc.,but behind it were different political philosophy systems,knowledge-power structures and the ideal pictures of the world.The ancient-to-modern transformation of the law of war in late Qing Dynasty had gone through the process from"the All-under-heaven"law of war to the law of war of"the nations"and then to law of war of"the world",which not only embodied Chinese subjective thinking and judgment,but also serves as a participatory construction force in shaping the globalization of the modern law of war.As such,it provides theoretical resources and practical references for exploring the Chinese plan for the governance of war in the new era.