财产损害算定的基本原理与规范内涵——《民法典》第1184条的解释论展开

Basic Principle and Normative Connotation of Property Damage Calculation-Interpretation of Article 1184 of the Chinese Civil Code

《民法典》第1184条作为财产损害的算定规范,在确定赔偿对象与损害量化的逻辑构造中发挥量化赔偿项目的功能,并未秉承完全赔偿主义而将赔偿范围与损害算定一体化对待的思路。就规范理念而言,第1184条没有采取在主观计算方法之上做"减法"的思路,而选择在客观计算方法的基础上做"加法"的思路,并通过"其他合理方式"的表述呈现出财产计算方式的多元化倾向。也就是说,第1184条除了明文规定以市场价格标准为基础的客观计算方式之外,还可以通过"其他合理方式"的表述衍生出主观计算方式及其他多元化的算定方式,从而展现出财产损害算定方式的非定式化图景。此外,当面临计算不能的情形时,损害额酌定制度可以发挥量化损害的功效,与损害的算定存在相同的性质,在损害额酌定制度规范基础缺失的情况下,可以将其归入第1184条,通过"其他合理方式"的开放性表述确立损害额酌定的条文依据。

Article 1184 of the Chinese Civil Code,as the rule on property damage calculation,serves the function of quantifying damages in the logical construction of determination of the object of compensation and quantification of damages,but does not adhere to the idea of integration of the scope and the calculation of damages in the theory of full compensation.As far as the normative philosophy is concerned,Article 1184 adopts not the idea of"subtraction"on the basis of subjective calculation method,but the idea of"addition"on the basis of objective calculation method,and demonstrates the tendency of diversification of calculation through the expression of"other reasonable methods".That is to say,in addition to explicitly stipulating objective calculation method based on market price standards,Article 1184 can also lead to subjective calculation method and other diversified calculation methods through the expression of"other reasonable ways",thus showing a non-formulaic picture of calculation methods.In addition,when facing the situation of incalculability,discretion of damages,which is of the same nature as the calculation of damages,can perform the function of quantifying damages.In the absence of normative basis,it can be incorporated into Article 1184 and its legal textual basis can be established through the open expression of"other reasonable ways".