“法益恢复”刑法评价的模式比较

A Comparative Study on the Mode of Criminal Law Evaluation of “Legal Interest Recovery”

"恢复"现象在社会生活中客观存在,刑事司法实践也不例外。犯罪行为停止于既遂形态后,行为人通过自主有效的事后行为消除危险或者恢复法益的情形,即为"法益恢复"现象。行为人在犯罪既遂后自行主导的"法益恢复",带有难能可贵的人性回归色彩,应予实质性从宽评价。关于"法益恢复"从宽评价的理论模式,"危险犯中止说"主张"既遂后仍然存在中止空间",但该学说在本质上是对犯罪既遂立法权力选择的否认,科学性存疑;"实质性违法阻却说"将犯罪既遂形态前提下的"法益恢复"回溯至"违法"视域进行实质判断,与犯罪论体系形成逻辑上的冲突。事实上,"法益恢复"的刑法评价与犯罪论体系无关,而只与刑事责任承担与刑罚裁量有关。在"罪责刑"相适应的基本原则指导下,"法益恢复"刑法从宽评价的模式选择,应在"罪"之判断的基础上,在"责"之领域进行实质化分析。"法益恢复"刑法从宽评价模式,可以通过罪之判断完成后"刑事责任熔断"的机制构建,整体性地实现对行为人罪责刑的综合评价。

The phenomenon of"legal interest recovery"exists objectively in various aspects of social life,and criminal judicial practice is no exception."Legal interest recovery"is constituted if,after the criminal act stops in the accomplished form,the actor eliminates the danger or recovers the legal interest through voluntary and effective post factum act.The recovery of legal interest carried out voluntarily by the perpetrator after the completion of the crime is a rare and commendable manifestation of the return of humanity that should be given substantially lenient evaluation.With respect to the mode of theoretical analysis of the lenient evaluation of"legal interest recovery",the theory of"discontinuation of dangerous crime",by proposing that"there is still space for discontinuation of a crime after its completion",essentially denies the choice of legislative power on accomplished crimes,and therefore is questionable in its scientificity;the theory of"substantial violation of law"traces"legal interest recovery"in the context of accomplished crime form back to the field of"violation of law"for substantive judgment,thus logically conflicts with criminal theory system.As a matter of fact,the criminal law evaluation of"legal interest recovery"has nothing to do with the criminal theory system,but is only related to criminal responsibility and criminal penalty discretion.In choosing the mode of lenient criminal law evaluation of"legal interest recovery",substantive analysis should be carried out in the field of"responsibility"under the guidance of the basic principle of suiting responsibility and punishment to crime and on the basis of the judgment of"crime".The scientific mode of criminal law evaluation of"legal interest recovery"can be described as the institutional building of"fusing of criminal responsibility"after the completion of the judgment of crime,by which the comprehensive evaluation of the criminal responsibility and punishment of the perpetrator as a whole can be completed.