塞内加尔民主化进程中的政治稳定探源——国家与社会的双重视角

Exploration on the Political Stability in the Process of Democratization in Senegal:Perspectives of State and Society

在非洲国家普遍实行多党民选制度的背景下,"逢选易乱"是影响非洲国家政治与安全局势的痼疾,而塞内加尔是西非地区唯一没有发生过军事政变的国家,被西方誉为非洲国家民主化的"成功典范"。究其原因,国家与社会在塞内加尔民族独立和国家建构过程中形成的较为良性的互动关系是塞内加尔政权稳定的根本因素。从自上而下视角看,塞内加尔政府主动启动政党制度改革,建立强有力的权力中心,并在政治发展中不断强化政治整合能力,巩固政府权威,这是稳定国家政治秩序的有力保障。从自下而上视角看,以苏非兄弟会为中心的伊斯兰教组织架构发挥着"社会黏合剂"的作用;较为成熟活跃的社会组织通过表达社会诉求、增强社会融合,推动着塞内加尔民主化进程。与此同时,内嵌于国家与社会中的政治和社会文化为塞内加尔政治稳定创造了有利条件;政治精英的思想和实践塑造着开放包容、改革探索的政治文化;相对统一的社会构成和国家政策的民主导向有助于形成和谐共处的社会氛围。当下,针对新冠肺炎疫情持续蔓延、萨赫勒地区宗教极端主义不断渗透带来的内外压力,塞加内尔政府需要采取措施以继续维护国内政治与社会稳定。

In the context of the implementation of the democratic election based on the multi-party system in Africa,political election is a main cause that affects the political and security situation of African countries.Nevertheless,Senegal is the only West African country that has not had a military coup and is hailed as a"successful model"of democratization in Africa by Western countries.Among several explanations,the relatively benign interaction formed by the State and society in the process of Senegal’s national independence and state building is the fundamental factor for the stability of the Senegalese regime.From a top-down perspective,the Senegalese government actively initiated the reform of the party system,established a strong center of power,and continuously strengthens the ability to integrate different political forces in the course of political development and consolidates the authority of the government,which constitutes a powerful guarantee for the stability of the country’s political order.From a bottom-up perspective,the Islamic structure centered on the Sufi Brotherhood plays the role of"social bond".Mature and active social organizations promote the democratization of Senegal by expressing social demands and enhancing social integration.At the same time,the political and social culture embedded in the state and society has created favorable conditions for Senegal’s political stability.The thinking and practice of political elites shape a political culture of openness,tolerance,reform and exploration.The relatively homogeneous social structure and the democratic orientation of national policies help to form a social atmosphere of harmonious coexistence.At present,in response to the internal and external pressures caused by the continuous spread of COVID-19 and the lasting penetration of religious extremism in the Sahel,the Senegalese government needs to take measures to continuously maintain domestic political and social stability.