“哈希姆认同”:约旦政治文化的意涵与建构路径

“Hashemite Identity”:The Content and Evolution of Jordanian Political Culture

"哈希姆认同"是对先知穆罕默德所属圣裔家族的认同,随着历史的演进逐渐具有了宗教认同、政治认同乃至阿拉伯民族主义认同的意涵。1921年外约旦建国后,面临着如何构建国家认同的难题。阿卜杜拉国王借助"哈希姆认同"推动阿拉伯世界尤其是大叙利亚的统一,外约旦的国家认同并非主要关注点。20世纪中后期,约旦对"哈希姆认同"进行新的阐释,即在阿拉伯主义的语境下,强调哈希姆家族在约旦的本土属性、圣裔身份和圣地保护者的角色,以及对现代约旦的历史贡献。借此,叙说约旦历史的连续性,约旦因哈希姆家族也具备了独特性和集体认同。而哈希姆家族则淡化了作为约旦"外来者"的色彩,提升其政治合法性。"哈希姆认同"与约旦国家认同合二为一,体现出某种共生关系。约旦将传统宗教政治文化现代化,使之成为民族建构的资源与动力。这也成为除世俗民族主义与伊斯兰主义之外的独特的民族建构路径,某种意义上是现代约旦的稳定之匙。

"Hashemite Identity"is the identification of the family of Muhammad,the founder of Islam.With the evolution of history,it has gradually had the connotation of religious identity,political identity and even identity of Arab nationalism.After Jordan was founded in 1921,it faced the difficult problem of how to construct nation identity.When King Abdullah focused on the"Hashemite Identity"to promote the Unity of the Arab world,especially the Greater Syria,Jordanian national identity was not the main concern.In the middle and late 20 th century,under the rule of King Hussein,Jordan made a new historical narrative of"Hashemite Identity",that is,under the context of Arabism,it emphasized the role of Banu Hashim to the native nature of Jordan,the identity of Ahl al-Bayt and the custodianship of the holy sites,as well as its significant contribution to modern Jordan.Thus,Jordan’s history has continuity,and the Banu Hashim also has uniqueness and collective identity.The Banu Hashim,in turn,has sought to soften its image as Jordan’s"outsider"and boost its political legitimacy."Hashemite Identity"and Jordanian national identity are combined into one,reflecting some symbiotic relationship.Jordan has modernized the traditional religious political culture and made it the resource and power of national construction.It has also become a unique nation building path in addition to secular nationalism and Islamism,and in a sense is the key to the stability of modern Jordan.But in the new era,"Hashemite Identity"still faces challenges.