学位争讼与立法完善——基于135份裁判文书的考察

Degree Litigation and Legislative Perfection:Based on the Investigation of 135 Referee Documents

学位授予标准作为我国学位制度的组成部分,在学位授予决定中发挥着决定性作用。《中华人民共和国学位条例》至今已施行40余年,现行有关学位授予标准的法律规范与学位授予工作实践的矛盾日渐凸显,导致频繁出现学位申请者将母校诉至法院的尴尬局面。为破解这一难题,通过梳理135份行政诉讼裁判文书,厘清学位申请者与授予单位之间的争讼焦点以及法院对此类纠纷的立场,以此审视现行学位授予标准的不足之处。现行法律规范对于学位授予标准是否采取双重评价体系未置可否,且其内容规定过于宽泛,从而导致适用、解释法律的混乱与无序。再者,自我国国家学位制度确立以来,学位授予工作置于政府主导与高校自治的二元框架中进行,但两者之间的事权划分不尽明确,使得高校设定具体授予条件饱受合法性诘难。为此,学位授予标准的完善路径重点有三:从规范上确立学位授予标准的双重评价体系;进一步修正与完善学位授予标准的具体内容;通过设定最低限度控制标准明确国家对授予标准的“底线要求”,并为司法审查预留空间,最终形成学位授予标准对学位授予决定的法治辐射。

As an integral part of China’s academic degree system,the standards of degree conferment play a decisive role in the decision of degree conferment.In view of the 40th anniversary of the implementation of the“Regulations of the People’s Republic of China on Academic Degrees”and the increasingly prominent contradiction between the existing legal norms on degree awarding standards and the work practice of degree awarding,degree applicants frequently take their mater to court.In order to solve the problem,135 administrative litigation judgment documents were arranged to clarify the focus of disputes between degree applicants and awarding units and the court’s position on such disputes,so as to examine the deficiencies of the current degree awarding standards.The positive law does not confirm whether the degree awarding standards should adopt the dual-evaluation system,and its specific content is too general,which leads to the confusion and disorder of the application and interpretation of the law.Furthermore,since the establishment of the national academic degree system in China,the academic degree awarding has been carried out in the dual framework of government-led and university autonomy,but the unclear division of authority between the two makes the specific granting conditions set by colleges and universities subject to legal challenges.Therefore,there are three key ways to improve the degree awarding standard:establishing the dual evaluation system of degree awarding standard from the standard,further revising and perfecting the specific content of the degree conferment standard,and by setting minimum control standards,clarifying the state’s“bottom line requirements”for awarding standards,and space to be reserved for judicial review,so as to eventually form the legal radiation of degree awarding standards on the degree awarding decisions.