我国行政处罚的界分与适用:从具体列举到列举概括

The Boundary and Application of Administrative Punishment in China:From Specific Enumeration to Enumeration and Generalization

我国1996年颁布施行的《行政处罚法》未能有效界定行政处罚的内涵和外延,直接导致了实践中行政处罚种类不够用,大量“法外行为”横行的问题。本次修法增加了概念条款以突出制裁性和行政违法性两大核心要素,并以明确列举的方式对行政处罚的外延进行了适当扩容。这使得我国《行政处罚法》虽未改变以具体列举的方式对行政处罚的外延予以规定的做法,但实际上已经完成了从具体列举到列举概括的转变,内涵和外延均得到明确。通过将新修订的《行政处罚法》第二条、第九条、第十一条和第十二条作为一个整体,可以在现有法律制度框架下提出如何判断一项新的惩戒手段是否属于行政处罚的标准和步骤,从而缓解行政处罚种类扩容与行政控权之间的紧张关系。

China’s Administrative Penalties Law promulgated and implemented in 1996 failed to effectively define the connotation and extension of administrative penalties,directly leading to the problem of insufficient types of administrative penalties and rampant“extrajudicial behaviors”in practice.The amendment adds conceptual clauses to highlight the two core elements:penalty and administrative illegality,and appropriately extends administrative penalties in a clear way,which makes China’s Administrative Penalties Law,despite its failure to specify the extension of administrative penalties by way of specific enumeration,complete the transformation from specific enumeration to enumeration generalization,and clarify the connotation and extension.By taking Article 2,Article 9,Article 11 and Article 12 of the newly revised Administrative Penalties Law as a whole,the criteria and steps are proposed to judge whether a new disciplinary measure is an administrative penalty under the framework of existing legal system,so as to alleviate the tense relationship between the expansion of types of administrative penalties and administrative control.