中国国家博物馆藏《丕翁先生巡视台阳图》考——兼及统一之初“权独隆焉”的巡台制度

A Study on “Piweng Xiansheng Xunshi Taiyang Tu” Painting Stowed at National Museum of China and “Xuntai” Policies under Centralized Authority after the Reunification

国博藏《丕翁先生巡视台阳图》,原认为作者款伪,画中主人公推定为雍正十三年至乾隆二年任"巡视台湾御史"(巡按)的严瑞龙。本文认为:此画作蒋伊署名是可信的。画中描绘清政府统一台湾后,首任"分巡台厦道"周昌于康熙二十三至二十五年,作为台湾府最高官员开展巡视等治台施政情形。熟悉蒋伊、周昌,继周昌之后的分巡台湾道尹士俍及福建按察使乔学尹、台湾县知县路以周、台湾府知府徐林和徐治民,题跋均对画作者无疑义,并指出蒋伊作《流民图》获康熙帝赏识。统一台湾之初,清政府对台实行特殊管理制度,设官分职"并同内地",而将巡察置于知府等军政大员之上,"宣威布化,权独隆焉"。分巡台厦道、巡按在台施政均可称为"巡视",康熙六十年设巡按之前专指前者。"分巡道开先者为周昌,因俗兴革,海甸改观","布化宣仁仍复尔","三载弼成柔远绩"。

The scroll painting of Inspection tour of Sir Piweng in Taiyang(Piweng Xiansheng Xunshi Taiyang Tu) stowed at National Museum of China was originally believed to be of false signature. And the major character in the painting was presumed to be Yan Ruilong, the Inspector Censor of Taiwan(Xun’an) between 1735 and 1737. This paper believes that the authorship of Jiang Yi shown on this painting is accurate. The scroll depicts Zhou Chang, the first inspector and highest official of Taiwan(Fenxun Taixia Dao) after Qing’s claim of Taiwan, and his governance in Taiwan between 1684 and 1686. The authors of later postscripts like "Fenxun Taiwan Dao" Yin Shiliang, Fujian Surveillance Commissioner Qiao Xueyi, Taiwan County Magistrate Lu Yizhou, Taiwan Perfecture Governor Xu Lin and Xu Zhimin did not question Jiang’s authorship. The postscripts pointed out that Refugees(Liumin Tu), another painting of Jiang Yi, was praised by the Emperor Kangxi. In the early days after the reunification, the Qing Court implemented special political system in Taiwan in which the inspective post "Xuncha" ranked above local governmental and military officials to promote and strengthen central governance. Inspectors have not only supervisory responsibilities, but also direct administrative powers. According to literature, the first inspector Zhou Chang "carried out reforms with respect of local customs, and achieved fruitful results" "promoted good governance and education" "paid a three-year effort to bring about a long lasting prosperity".