批评与同情:钱穆对乾嘉学术的认识

Criticisms and Sympathy:Qian Mu’s Understanding about the Qian-Jia Scholarship

钱穆虽批评乾嘉诸儒排斥"义理",不重"现实",然而亦能"同情"乾嘉学风的形成原因,且抉发出乾嘉学者反对清廷专制的思想。钱穆揭示钱大昕以"直书其事"实现"褒贬"、强调治天下者须先治其身,以及同情弱者的"平恕"之论;认为钱大昕既然反对"汉宋门户之见",便不应更重"训诂"在"义理"之上。钱穆肯定戴震"理欲论"反抗"权威"的精神,然亦批评其论"情欲"的弊病。钱穆虽然重视乾嘉儒"为学问而学问"的路径,但更看重"义理""考据"并重、兼顾"心性""治平"的"朱子之学"。

Although Qian Mu criticized that the Confucian scholars in the Qianlong and Jiaqing periods excluded"argumentative philosophies"and disrespected"realities",he was still sympathetic concerning the sources of Qian-Jia scholarship and had exposed the Qian-Jia scholars’idea to oppose the authority of the Qing Dynasty.Qian Mu illustrated Qian Daxin’s"tolerative"arguments about the roles of history in praising or criticizing by"recording true stories",the self-cultivation of rulers and the sympathy towards the weak.He argued that Qian Daxin should not prefer"academic exegesis"to"argumentative philosophy"since Qian opposed"bias of the scholars in the Song and Han Dynasties".Qian Mu affirmed Dai Zhen’s opposition against"the authorities"by his"argument of heavenly principles and human desires",but also criticized his argumentative faults about"emotions and desires".While Qian Mu respected the Qian-Jia scholars’approach of"learning-for-knowledge",he preferred"Zhu Zi’s philosophy"which emphasized both"argumentative philosophy"and"textual research",as well as the balance between"inward nature"and"enlightened governance".