荷马的去浪漫化:歌德、尼采与“荷马问题”

De-romanticization of Homer:Goethe,Nietzsche,and the Homeric Question

"荷马问题"诞生以来,荷马身份成问题,但严肃的论者通常不否认荷马艺术整一性。19世纪至今的后启蒙时代,论者多谓荷马艺术整一性源于民族精神,此即"荷马的浪漫化"。但在19世纪前期和中期的德意志大动荡中,歌德和尼采相继主张"荷马的去浪漫化",并认为荷马艺术整一性并非源于民族精神,而是源于"荷马性情",即奥德修斯式"严肃"。究其根本,浪漫化的民族精神只是一个神秘观念,荷马性情才能致力于切实形塑民族担纲者。

Since the emergence of the Homeric Question,Homer’s identity has become problematic,but serious critics usually have not denied the Homeric artistic unity. In the post-Enlightenment era from the19 th century to the present,many critics think that the Homeric artistic unity originates from the Volksgeist,which is the romanticization of Homer. However,it is noteworthy that during the German chaos of the early and middle 19 th century,Goethe and Nietzsche consecutively advocated the de-romanticization of Homer and thus thought that the Homeric artistic unity originated not from the Volksgeist but from"Homer’s personality",namely,the"seriousness"of Odysseus. In the final analysis,the romanticized Volksgeist is only a mysterious idea,while Homer’s personality could devote itself to actually shaping the national leading class.