专家决策影响力的制约因素——一个基于已有文献的解释框架

The Restraining Factors of Experts’ Influence on Policy-Making:An Interpretative Framework Based on Existing Literature

作为现代国家中一类常见的政策行动者,专家的决策影响力却通常极为有限。这种结果是如何发生的?文献回顾表明,可从三个视角回答该问题:从主体看,专家自身在社会资本、编码能力、专业伦理等核心要素上的缺失使得其决策影响力大打折扣;从客体看,现代社会政策议题的多重复杂性和普通民众高涨的参与诉求压缩了专家的作用空间;从载体看,科学知识的不确定性、情境性和社会建构性以及其他知识形态的认识论价值共同削弱了专家参与的合法性。研究认为,上述分析框架具有相当解释力,但它在中国特定语境下的适用性仍显不足,这是今后研究应该予以重点关注的所在。

As a kind of common policy actors in modern countries, experts’ influence on policy-making is usually very limited. How does this happen? Literature review shows that three perspectives can be used to answer this question: From the perspective of subjects, experts’ influence on policy-making is greatly weakened due to their lack of core elements such as social capital, coding ability and professional ethics. From the perspective of objects, the multiple complexity of policy issues in modern society and the high participation demands of ordinary people have compressed the role space of experts. From the perspective of carrier, the uncertainty, situationality and social construction of scientific knowledge and the epistemological value of other forms of knowledge undermine the legitimacy of expert participation. It is concluded that the above analytical framework has considerable explanatory power, but its applicability in the specific context of China is still insufficient, which should be the focus of future research.