错案的防范:空白要素行政化的司法难题

Prevention of misjudged Cases: The Judicial dilemma of the administrative blanket Tatbestandsmerkmale

在刑法部分罪名的构成要件描述中,存在大量空白要素。法官对空白要素的规范适用,往往依附于行政机关的补充和解释。空白要素行政化引发了过度入罪风险,易造成系列错案。主要表现为个罪的行为要素缺乏明确规范时,为入罪而任意拓宽兜底性条款的适用范围;将行政技术性标准作为认定犯罪的唯一准据,降低空白要素的司法判断标准;将空白要素视为单纯行政管理秩序,认为违反行政秩序的行为便具备刑事不法。围绕空白要素行政化及其过度入罪的成因,当前应坚持以审判为中心的刑事诉讼制度改革取向,立足于自由保障价值优先、尊崇刑法谦抑性与坚持违法相对性的理念,通过界定范围、形式审查、实质判断、不法过滤、责任过滤、后果检视等步骤,有效界定刑罚权的合理边界。

There are a lot of blank elements in the description of the elements of the criminal law.The judge′s normative application of blank elements often depends on the supplement and interpretation of the administrative agency.The administrativeization of blank elements has led to the risk of excessive conviction,resulting in a series of wrongful cases.The main manifestation is that when the behavioral elements of a crime lack clear norms,the scope of application of the basic clauses is arbitrarily broadened for the purpose of conviction;administrative technical standards are used as the only basis for identifying crimes,and the judicial judgment standards for blank elements are reduced;blank elements are regarded as blank elements.In order to purely administrative management order,the behavior that violates the administrative order constitutes a criminal lawlessness.Regarding the administrativeization of blank elements and the causes of excessive criminalization,the current criminal procedure system reform orientation centered on trial should be adhered to,based on the concept of giving priority to the value of freedom protection,respecting the modest and restraining nature of criminal law,and insisting on the relativity of illegality,by defining the scope,Formal review,substantive judgment,illegal filtering,liability filtering,consequence review and other steps,effectively defining the reasonable boundary of the penalty right.