从本土教育到人的主体性:现代希伯来文学的民族性

From Homeland Education to Human Subjectivity:Nationality in Modern Hebrew Literature

自19世纪犹太启蒙运动以来,现代希伯来文学一直在启蒙犹太民族意识形态中扮演着先锋作用。希伯来小说在教育以色列人和现代犹太人方面扮演着重要角色。通过分析不同历史时期的三部希伯来小说,本文考察现代希伯来文学对民族性的教导与反思,及其随着复国主义思想的发展而发生的演化。在以色列建国前的伊休夫时期(1920-1950年代),"?????"(故土、祖国)是美育、文学、和地理教育的重要核心,小说家萨迈赫·伊孜哈尔在他的作品中有意识地深耕关于故土的文学审美。20世纪70年代,以色列进入后复国主义时期,东西方犹太人之间的社会经济矛盾等冲突开始升级,艾力·阿米尔等作家也开始在小说中反思最初"宏伟的教育目标",颠覆默认西方犹太人代表优越文化的偏见。21世纪以来,在新复国主义萌态之际,诺嘉·阿尔巴拉赫等作家开始思考"以色列性"在"人"的层面上的意涵,并探索民族性和个人成长之间的关系。

Modern Hebrew literature is one of the most ideological-driven literature ever since its restoration in the 19 th century.The literature has been playing an illuminating role in the shaping of secular Jews’nationality,and becomes a great educator to nurture Israelis and modern Jews.Through a chronological literary analysis,this paper examines three stages of the evolution in which the literature’s educating emphasis develops:in the pre-state Hebrew education system,"?????"("Homeland")was chosen as the central theme around which subjects like reading,writing and arithmetic were conducted.S.Yizhar had been conscientious in planting the notion of landscape into the educational ideology throughout his engagement with Hebrew pedagogy.In the post-Zionist age(after 1970 s),ideological and intra-Jewish social conflicts appear in Hebrew literature as the tension between Ashkenazi Jews and Mizrahi Jews escalated.Writers,such as Eli Amir,reflected and criticised the presumed view that that Ashkenazi Jews represent a superior culture and that Mizrahi Jews from the"third world"lack proper education and experience with democracy.After the 2000 s,in the inchoate"neo-Zionist age",Hebrew writers such as Nogah Albalakh have been trying to re-discover what is"Israeliness"in their works,indicating the importance of internalising the constructed collective identity into personal identities.