突发公共危机治理中的风险沟通模式——基于专家知识与民众认知差异的视角

Risk Communication Model in Public Emergency Management From the Perspective of Cognitive Differences between Expert Knowledge and Public Opinions

专家与民众之间存在风险认知差异,这极有可能影响风险沟通中各主体间的相互信任。公共决策需要专家来协助处理突发公共危机中的新型风险,若民众对专家的管控逻辑认识不足或存在偏差,就容易降低民众对公共决策机构的信任。为提升政府决策的科学性,需重构突发公共危机治理中的风险沟通模式。新型风险沟通模式要求我们在突发公共危机治理中,首先要重视专家与民众认知方面存在的差异,将系统性知识、经验性知识、隐性知识与直觉性知识等知识类型纳入双向沟通中。其次,政府决策要以科学计算为前提,借助"商谈—建构"范式来吸收不同群体的观点,强调彼此间的论证与说服,在增进理解的同时寻求可兼容的共识,建立批判性的信任。最后,政府机构在面对风险事件时,应妥善处理专家与风险决策者的双重身份,赋权专业化机构,积极引导公众的风险认知,提升公众对专家知识乃至公共决策机构的信任。

There are differences in the perception of risks between experts and the public,which is very likely to affect the mutual trust among the parties in risk communication.Public decision-making needs experts to help deal with new risks in public emergencies.If the public’s understanding of experts’ideas is insufficient or biased,distrust may extend to public decision-making institutions.To help government make better decisions,it is necessary to reconstruct the model of risk communication in public crisis management.Firstly,the new model of risk communication requires us to pay attention to the cognitive differences between experts and the public in public crisis management,and to bring systematic knowledge,experiential knowledge,implicit knowledge,and intuitive knowledge into the two-way communication.Secondly,government decision-making should be based on scientific intelligence.The"Communication-Construction"paradigm can be used to absorb the various viewpoints of different groups,emphasize on mutual debate and persuasion,seek for a tolerant consensus,and build critical trust.Finally,government should properly handle the dual identity of experts and risk decision-makers,empower professional institutions,and guide the public’s risk perception actively so as to promote the public’s trust in expert knowledge and public decision-making institutions.