栖居视角下的家园、“乡绅”与记忆--以四川马尔康加达村的易地搬迁为例

A Dwelling Perspective of Home, Rural Gentries and Poetic Memory--Change of Relocation of Jodak Village in Maerkang of Sichuan

如何记录和保护在现代化、城镇化进程中面临搬迁的传统村落和村民历史以及地方性知识一直是人类学和相关行政部门关心的重要课题。在易地搬迁过程中,村民们的"不情愿"不仅有利益取舍的原因,更有历史记忆和情感上的难舍。然而,这类具体的历史记忆和情感如何存在?它以何种方式影响村民?这方面仍需深入研究。本文以人类学"家园"观念和英戈尔德的"栖居视角"(dwelling perspective),以传记民族志的方法,记录了因大渡河双江口水电站而面临整体搬迁的四川马尔康白湾乡加达村的地志景观,以及基于"乡绅"索南公宝老人口述的村落历史和集体记忆。本文认为,关注并记录场所和代表性个体及其记忆间"互缘"关系,不仅对保存面临搬迁村落的记忆和情感有重要启发,也是家园搬迁者接受搬迁事实的一条重要途径。

How to record history and local knowledge of a village which is faced with relocation due to urbanization or modernization is one the essential considerations of anthropologists and related official department today. Besides concerns over material gains and losses,there are also affective and emotional difficulties when leaving one’s original"homeland". This article adopts the notion of"Home" in anthropological sense, and particularly Tim Ingold’s concept of"dwelling perspective", as well as life writing methodologies to examine a soon-to-be relocated village(Jodak) in Gyalrong with the aim of exploring the relationship between locality and individuals, as well as collective memory. In doing so, this paper presents a narrative framework for recording memory, history, and local knowledge within a particularly historical context.