东鄱阳湖国家湿地公园越冬水鸟多样性及其年际动态

Diversity and annual dynamics of wintering water birds in the East Poyang Lake National Wetland Park

于2015-2020年每年1月采用样区直数法对东鄱阳湖国家湿地公园18个样区的水鸟进行1次监测,探讨6年间水鸟数量和多样性指数的变化规律.共记录水鸟7目12科47种87433只.雁形目种类占绝对优势,其个体数占水鸟总数量的75.33%.共记录国家I级重点保护鸟类4种(白鹤Grusleucogeranus、白枕鹤Grusvipio、东方白鹳Ciconiaboyciana和黑鹳Ciconia nigra)以及国家Ⅱ级重点保护鸟类5种.水鸟数量和物种数主要由雁形目和鸻形目鸟类组成,雁形目水鸟数量呈上升趋势,鸻形目水鸟数量波动大且呈下降趋势.鸬鹚类、鹳类、类、鸥类的年际变化曲线类似.鹤类和鸻鹬类的数量高峰与低谷正好与上述4种水鸟类群相反.共记录优势种6种,以雁形目鸟类为主,其中豆雁Anser fabalis是连续6年的优势种.研究期间物种数(31-38种)变化不大,数量(7313-21883只)变化明显.2020年多样性指数和均匀度指数均为6年中最低,主要因为豆雁占绝对优势(44.38%).上述结果表明东鄱阳湖国家湿地公园的水鸟资源丰富,在鄱阳湖濒危水鸟和水鸟多样性的保护与维持上发挥着重要作用;鸻鹬类较雁鸭类更难适应水位的变化;鸬鹚类、鹳类、类、鸥类的生态需求类似,与鹤类和鸻鹬类的生态需求存在较大差异;湖区多样的微生境才能维持较高的水鸟多样性.

In January of each year from 2015 to 2020,a survey of waterbirds in 18 sample areas of the East Poyang Lake National Wetland Park was conducted to study the features of waterbird diversity using the direct count method and discuss the variation rules of the number and diversity of waterbirds over 6 years.A total of 87433 waterbird individuals belonging to 7 orders,12 families,and 47 species were recorded.Anseriformes had the highest number of species,accounting for 75.33%of all water birds surveyed.The Siberian crane Grus leucogeranus,white-naped crane Grus vipio,Oriental white stork Ciconia boyciana,and black stork Ciconia nigra are listed in the first category of China’s nationally protected bird species list,and five other species are listed in the second category.Anseriformes and Charadriiformes were the main types of water birds.Over the study period,Anseriformes numbers tended to increase,whereas Charadriiformes numbers showed drastic fluctuations and a declining trend related to water levels in the East Poyang Lake National Wetland Park.Cormorants,storks,grebes,and gulls mainly feed on fish and have similar annual number variation curves.The peaks and troughs of crane and shorebird numbers were opposite to those of the four waterbird groups mentioned above.Six dominant species were recorded,most of which belonged to Anatidae.The bean goose Anser fabalis was the dominant species in all 6 years.The number of species(31-38 species)showed little variation;however,the number of individuals(7313-21883 individuals)varied markedly over the 6 years of monitoring.The diversity index and evenness index of water birds in the East Poyang Lake National Wetland Park were the lowest in 2020,which is related to the absolute dominance(44.38%)of bean geese in that year.The above results indicate that the East Poyang Lake National Wetland Park is rich in waterbird resources and plays an important role in the protection of endangered water birds and the maintenance of waterbird diversity.It is more difficult for shorebirds to adapt to varying water levels.Cormorants,storks,grebes,and gulls have similar ecological requirements and have drastic differences in the ecological requirements of shorebirds and cranes.Thus,only diverse microhabitats can maintain higher waterbird diversity.