3~6岁幼儿粗大动作发展特征研究

Study on the development characteristics of 3-to 6-year-old children′s gross movements

目的研究3~6岁幼儿粗大动作的发展特征,为临床诊疗及教育干预提供数据支撑。方法2019年4-7月,在北京两所公立幼儿园随机抽取640名3~6岁幼儿,使用大肌肉动作发展测试(TGMD-3)进行粗大动作发展评估。采用双因素方差分析,比较不同年龄、性别幼儿粗大动作得分之间的差异。结果3~6岁幼儿粗大动作发展未出现显著的性别×年龄的交互效应(P>0.05)。在粗大动作总分、移动性总分、操作性总分及13个子项目得分上出现了显著的年龄主效应(P<0.001),随年龄的增长粗大动作得分呈上升趋势。在4~6岁组幼儿移动性总分、单脚跳和蹦跳得分上出现了显著的性别主效应(P<0.05),女童优于男童;在3~6岁幼儿操作性总分、双手挥棒击打固定球、单手挥拍击打反弹球、脚踢固定球和原地运球得分上也出现了性别主效应(P<0.001),男童优于女童。结论3~6岁幼儿粗大动作得分随年龄的增长不断提高,女童的移动性动作优于男童,男童的操作性动作优于女童,应依据3~6岁粗大动作发展的年龄、性别特征,进行差异化教学。

Objective To explore the developmental characteristics of 3-to 6-year-old children′s gross movements,so as to provide data support for clinical diagnosis,treatment and educational intervention.Methods From April to July 2019,640 children aged 3—6 were randomly selected from two public kindergartens in Beijing,and Gross Motor Development Test(TGMD-3)was used for gross motor development test.Two-way ANOVA method was used to compare the differences in gross movement scores among children among different age and gender groups.Results There was no significant interaction effect between sex and age in the development of gross movements of 3-to 6-year-old children(P>0.05).There was a significant age main effect on the total score of gross movement,locomotor skills,object control skills and 13 sub-items(P<0.001).The score of rough movements increased with the increase of age.There was a significant gender main effect on the total score of locomotor skills,hop and skip in the 4-to 6-year-old group(P<0.05),which were better in girls than those in boys.The gender main effect also appeared in the score of object control skills,two-hand strike,forehand strike,kick and dribble(P<0.001),and which were better in boys than those in girls.Conclusions The scores of gross movements of 3-to 6-year-old children continue to increase with the increase of age.The locomotor skills of girls are better than those of boys,and the object control skills of boys are better than those of girls.It is suggested to give differential teaching according to the age and gender characteristics of the rough movements development at the age of 3 to 6 years old.