日本社区嵌入型养老机构规划策略研究及启示

Chinese Innovation Based on the Planning Strategies of Community-based Elderly Facilities in Japan

随着我国老龄化的日趋严峻,以及家庭规模日益小型化,子女难以独立完成照顾父母的家庭重任,社区养老的重要性开始突显。通过对日本社区嵌入型养老机构的利用老人进行问卷调研,解析影响老人选择社区嵌入型养老机构的相关因素,提出合理规划社区嵌入型养老机构的规划策略。结果显示老人在选择社区嵌入型养老机构时,重视离自己及子女居住地近的要素,并在实际利用时,呈现相同的趋势;城市化水平不同的城市,其老人在选择利用机构时,选择理由呈现出差异性。当前,我国正处于快速老龄化的发展进程之中,国家高度重视并积极鼓励“在地安养”,探讨日本社区嵌入型养老机构的规划策略,从中汲取经验,对完善中国社区养老机构的规划建设和社区养老服务模式的构建有重要的参考和借鉴意义。

With significant population aging and reductions in family sizes in China,it has become challenging for children to take care of their parents independently.Therefore,the importance of community-based care for the elderly has come to the fore.The reasons for the elderly selecting facilities were analyzed and sorted through a questionnaire survey of users in small-scale multi-function care facilities in Aichi and Gifu,Japan.On this basis,the factors affecting facility selection for the elderly were determined by analyzing the positional relationship between the residence of the elderly,the residence of their children,and the location of the facility.Finally,the strategy for the reasonable layout,planning,and construction of small-scale multi-function care facilities was discussed by clarifying the influences of locations of residence on facility selection for the elderly.The results showed that the elderly placed emphasis on the proximity of their residence and their children’s residence to a given facility.Furthermore,the same trend was observed in practical use.In cities with different urbanization levels,the elderly chose facilities for different reasons.For example,respondents in Aichi valued some factors highly,such as“close to their own residence”,“recommendation from nurses”,and“good attitudes of the nursing staff”.Further,respondents in Gifu valued the factor of“close to their own residence”very highly.They also attached great importance to family factors,such as“close to their children’s residence”and“recommendations from family members”.Firstly,it is necessary to understand the requirements of elderly care services in the target areas and realize an on-demand supply when planning and constructing smallscale multi-function care facilities.In other words,an accurate analysis of the aging status of different communities and the current status of care service demand is necessary to realize on-demand supply and meet the diverse care needs of the elderly in the community,improving the utilization of services and assuring operational benefits in institutions.Secondly,the location of the facility must be rationally planned from the perspective of users.While fully considering the location relationship between the residence of the elderly and the facility,the location relationship between the children’s residence and the facility should also be adequately taken into account.Although there are large differences between China and Japan concerning population size,aging degree,and the supply and utilization models of elderly care services,they actively promote the community-based elderly care service model under the same social background of largely increasing population aging.Furthermore,there are consistent efforts to help the elderly achieve sustainable“aging in place”concepts and goals.Concerning the current status of the planning and construction of small-scale multi-function care facilities in Japan,some suggestions were put forward for the planning and construction of community-based care facilities in China using the research conclusions of this study.First,the influence of the“one-child policy”will gradually manifest in the near future,and young couples will face issues regarding caring for four elderly persons,on average.It can be inferred that when the elderly use care services,they will prefer facilities closer to their residences and their children's residences.Therefore,this should be taken into consideration when planning community-based care facilities to meet the needs of both the elderly and children.Second,China is a country with a vast territory,with varying lifestyles and levels of urbanization.Such regional differences in aging,social status,and care service needs for the elderly must be taken into account to realize a well-planned community care service supply system.