非雇佣数字劳动与“数字化个体”——数字经济下资本主义生产关系的嬗变及启示

Non-employment Digital Labor and Digital Individuals:Evolution and Enlightenment of Capitalist Production Relations under the Background of Digital Economy

随着数字技术的快速发展和广泛应用,数据逐渐成为社会化生产的核心要素。在资本主义生产方式下:资本推动数据成为商品,生产数据商品的劳动包括雇佣和非雇佣两种形式,雇佣数字劳动主要在雇佣体系内生产"生产经营数据",非雇佣数字劳动则主要在雇佣体系外生产"个人数据""中间数据"和"公共数据",资本家能够同时占有这两种劳动的成果及其剩余价值;为极大地拓展剩余价值来源,资本势力凭借技术进步偏向性从生产领域向生活领域入侵,将大量数字活动转化为非雇佣数字劳动,从事非雇佣数字劳动的劳动者被抽象为一条条数据从而成为"数字化个体";"数字化个体"突破了传统资本主义生产方式在劳动时间、劳动人群和劳动空间等方面的限制,但其并不拥有关键性数字生产资料的所有权,成为被资本家剥削的对象,而资本为"数字化个体"再生产支付的代价大为降低,劳动对资本的依附性则进一步增强。可见,数字资本主义没有改变资本主义生产关系的实质,但拓展了剥削范围、提高了剥削强度、增强了剥削隐蔽性。因此,我国在积极发展数字经济的过程中,不能任由私人资本尤其是外国资本控制和垄断数字平台,要更好发挥政府作用以促进共同富裕。

With the rapid development and wide application of digital technology,data has gradually become the core element of social production. Data has become a commodity pushed by capital under the capitalist mode of production. The labor for producing data commodities includes employment digital labor and nonemployment digital labor. Employment digital labor produces production and operation data mainly within theemployment system,while non-employment digital labor produces personal data,intermediate data and public data outside the employment system. Capitalists can possess the fruits of these two kinds of labor and their surplus value at the same time. In order to greatly expand the source of surplus value,capital forces invade from the field of production to the realm of life by technological bias,transforming a large number of digital activities into non-employment digital labor,and the workers engaged in non-employment digital labor are abstracted into a series of data and then become "digital individuals". The "digital individual"breaks through the limitations of traditional capitalist production methods in terms of labor time,labor population,and labor space,but it does not have the ownership of key digital production materials,thus becoming the object of exploitation by capitalists. However,the cost paid by capital for the reproduction of "digital individuals"has been greatly reduced,and labor’s dependence on capital has further increased. It can be seen that digital capitalism has not changed the essence of capitalist relations of production,but has expanded the scope of exploitation,increased the intensity of exploitation,and enhanced the concealment of exploitation. Therefore,in the process of actively developing the digital economy,China should not allow private capital,especially foreign capital,to control and monopolize digital platforms,and should take better advantage of the role of government in promoting common prosperity.