反英雄·她历史·内聚焦:重识恩瓦帕《永不再来》的内战书写

Anti-heroes,Herstory and Internal Focalization:The Representation of Nigerian Civil Warin F.Nwapa’s Never Again Reconsidered

“非洲女性小说之母”弗洛拉·恩瓦帕的小说《永不再来》(1975)是一部描写尼日利亚内战的重要作品。从互文性的角度阅读此书,扩大研究范围,我们能更清楚看出,不同于传统的男性战争叙事文本,该小说通过塑造“反英雄”的官兵形象和在战争苦难中求生存的女性形象凸显了战争的荒诞与邪恶以及普通平民在战争中的恐惧和焦虑,表达了作家本人坚定的女性主义立场和人道主义关怀。另外,对比分析中我们还发现,该小说巧妙运用自传性叙事模式“内聚焦”于内战期间女主人公凯特的切身体验,不仅颠覆了男性作家战争书写中的英雄主义思想,同时也有意偏离了主流女性战争书写中对女性政治作用的强调。对该作品的战争书写进行分析研究能有助于我们把握作家的反战思想及创作风格。

Flora Nwapa’s novel Never Again(1975)is one of the most important fictional works about Nigerian civil war.Reading this novel in an intertextual way with reference to more Nigerian English novels,we can see more clearly that the characterization of anti-heroic soldiers and the female survivors in the novel highlights the absurdity and evilness of the war,together with the horror and anxiety that common people suffered during the war,which conveys Nwapa’s firm feminist stance and humanitarian concern.Also,in the comparative analysis,we find that the autobiographical narrative mode of“internal focalization”in the novel centersingeniously on the unspeakable experiences of its female protagonist Kate during the wartime,by which Nwapa not only deconstructs the image of soldier-hero established in the male-dominated traditional war writings,but also intentionally deviates from the emphasis on the political function of women in war,which is prevalent in the mainstream war writings by women.This research may help readers to better understand Nwapa’s anti-war consciousness and her literary creation style.