周代礼教思想与礼仪制度的系统把握

A Systematic Grasp of the Thoughts of Etiquette and Etiquette System in Zhou Dynasty

古代中国是“礼仪之邦”。这“礼仪”的完备其实是在周代完成的。周礼是兼顾天人、敬神化民的产物。周礼虽然承担着“敬神”的职责,但更多地扮演着“修身”“齐家”“治国”的角色,体现着“神道”向“人道”的转移。周代的礼教思想认为,“礼”者主“敬”;作为维护宗法等级的规范,要求卑者尊贤而“义”,尊者慈爱而“仁”,进而实现“十顺”;“礼”别异而“乐”统同,所以“礼”“乐”相辅;“礼”是有节制地满足人欲的理性规范,所以“理”“欲”相兼。在形成丰富深刻的礼教思想的同时,周代诞生了繁复齐备的礼仪制度。《仪礼》和《礼记》规定、阐释了周代礼制的纵向系统:“始于冠,本于昏,重于丧祭,尊于朝聘,和于乡射”。《周礼》描述、揭示了周礼的横向系统,即“吉礼”“凶礼”“军礼”“宾礼”“嘉礼”。周代编织了一张纵横交错、无所不包的礼制之网,渗透到社会生活的方方面面,成为“顺鬼神,合人心,理万物”的根本保证。

Ancient China was a“land of etiquette”.The perfection of this“etiquette”was actually completed in the Zhou Dynasty.The etiquette of the Zhou Dynasty is the product of giving consideration to the nature and human beings,respecting gods and transforming people.Although the etiquette of the Zhou Dynasty undertook the responsibility of“respecting gods”,it played more of the roles of“self-cultivation”,“family unity”and“governing the country”,reflecting the shift from“Order of Gods”to“Order of Man”.The etiquette of the Zhou Dynasty held that those who practice respect courtesy respect people.As a norm for maintaining the patriarchal hierarchy,it required the inferior to respect the virtuous and be“righteous”,and the venerable to be kind and“benevolent”,so as to realize the“Ten Submissiveness”.“Etiquette”makes difference,while“music”makes unity,so“etiquette”and“music”complement each other.“Etiquette”is a rational norm that satisfies human desires in a restrained manner,so“reason”and“desire”are mutually inclusive.While forming a rich and profound thought of etiquette,the Zhou Dynasty also gave birth to a complex and complete etiquette system.The Book of Etiquette and Ceremonial and The book of Rites stipulated and explained the vertical system of Zhou Rites:“starting from the crown ritual,based on the wedding ritual,paying more important to the funeral ritual,respecting court rites,and advocating the shooting ceremony in the countryside”.Zhou Rites describes and reveals the horizontal system of Zhou rites,namely“sacrificial rites”,“mourning rites”,“military rites”,“guest rites”and“celebration rites”.The Zhou Dynasty wove a crisscross and all-encompassing network of rites,which penetrated into all aspects of social life and became the fundamental guarantee of“following ghosts and gods,conforming to people’s hearts and managing all things”.