诗学镜像与古都遗风--汉地西域诗的文化钩沉之一

Poetic Mirror Image and Ancient Capital Legacy--One of The Cultural Hook Trace With Poems of the Western Regions in Han Region

汉魏六朝已有汉地西域诗,隋代数量增加。唐代朝域扩展,中原与边域和周边通商增多,西域都护府都督府与“入幕制度”使诸多官僚将帅文人邀功西域,边地生活和战事成为唐诗的重要内容。边塞西域诗多描写赴边将士之悲壮、离别、思乡与戍边战事之雄浑并形成流派;汉地西域诗涉略边域风貌、风物、技艺、信仰等,尤其于元明都城。清代西域诗亦多戍屯和风情类,较唐代之内容与数量愈多。其风土风习勾连西域文化蕴涵与源流。诗词、绘塑是文化认知的浓缩、透视与情感抒怀,民俗、信仰、艺术、竞技是社会历史文化的要素、载体、镜像。笔者以汉地诗钩沉佐证西域文化于汉地的传入、留存、衍生,所涉汉地西域诗,略汉代及清季,重现古代至晚近尤其中古中国社会之西域文化事象。如走索(走绳、绳技)、杆技(“都卢”、缘杆、寻橦),西域音乐(曲式、乐器、乐舞),马球(击鞠、打毬),马术(仪仗立马、蹀马之戏、走马走车),张灯风俗;狮子狮舞(模拟狮舞、舞狮),西域佛教(贝页经、佛赞、译师、佛寺),西派摔跤,葡萄与葡萄酒等,且考其内陆欧亚或大西域(及近东)渊源。这些文化元素,成为现今汉文化的重要组成。它亦启示,承载文化的除文字包括诗以外,尚有技艺竞技、信仰习俗及其家传族传、壁画雕筑塑像诸记录方式;追寻中华文化不可或缺的西域部分,不应忽略文献正史外的美学载体与民间成分。

In the Han,Wei and Six Dynasties,there were western region poems in Han region,and the number of them increased in the Sui Dynasty.The trade expansion between Central plains,border areas and neighboring countries,and the governor's office in the western regions of the Tang Dynasty and"the system of entering the curtain",made many literati join in the army,and the bureaucrats and generals invited contributions to the western regions.Border Wars and life became the important content of Tang poetry.In addition to describing the war on the frontier and the majestic,tragic,farewell and homesickness of the soldiers,the poems of the western regions in Han region also involve the features,customs,skills and beliefs of the western region.The poems of the western regions in Qing Dynasty were also garrison and customs,which were more content than those of Tang Dynasty.Its customs are connected with the origin of western culture.Poetry,painting and statue are the concentrate,perspective and emotional expression of cultural cognition;Folklore,belief,art and skill are the elements,carriers and mirror images of social history and culture.The author proves the introduction,retention and derivation of Western Region culture in Han region with Chinese poetry,These Western Region Poems of Han nationality,involving the Han Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty,reproduce the Western Region cultural elements of ancient,medieval and recent Chinese society.Such as walking rope skills,wooden pole skills("Dulu"),Western Region music(musical form,musical instrument,music and dance),polo(hockey),equestrian(ceremonial horse,horse drama),and lantern customs on New Year's Eve;Lion dance(simulating lion dance and playing lion),Buddhism in Western China(Buddha praise,Translate monk,stupas and Buddhist temple),wrestling in Western China style,grapes and wine,etc.And textual research on their inland Eurasian or Great Western Region(and Near East)origin or propagation path.These cultural elements or contents have become an important component of Chinese culture today.At the same time it enlightens,For cultural record and pass on,besides words including poems,there are also recording methods of skills,beliefs,customs and their family transmission,murals and statues,etc;Trace the indispensable part of Chinese culture in the Western Regions,we should not neglect the aesthetic carrier and folk components outside the official history of literature.