迈入“新镀金时代”:美国反垄断的三次浪潮及对中国的启示

Stepping into “New Gilded Age”: Three Waves of American Antitrust Movements and Lessons for China

迈入"新镀金时代"以来,数字平台的崛起给美国反垄断实践提出了新挑战,而要认清这一新挑战及应对的可能性,有必要回到美国反垄断的历史中去。从美国反垄断的三次浪潮中,可以梳理出美国反垄断政策和理论互相呼应的线索,并能够看出当今第三次浪潮中平台反垄断的方向性问题。尤其是当下芝加哥学派与新布兰代斯学派在反垄断的经济和政治目标这一根本问题上的交锋,将影响平台经济未来走向。对于同样面临平台垄断挑战的我国而言,应当借鉴美国百年反垄断史所展现出的不同规制思路及其可能后果,搞清楚"为什么反垄断"这一根本问题,并结合中美反垄断背景的异同,探索我国平台反垄断的新出路。

Since the beginning of the "New Gilded Age", the rise of digital platform has put forward new challenges to American antitrust practice. In order to understand new challenges and potential regulatory responses, it is necessary to review the history of American antitrust law. Drawing on the three waves of American antitrust movements, we can identify the connections between American antitrust policies and American antitrust law theories, and understand the trend of platform antitrust policies during the third wave. The current confrontation between Chicago school and Neo-Brandeisian School on the fundamental issue of the economic and political goal of antitrust will profoundly influence the direction of the platform economy. Like the United States, China is also facing the challenges posed by platform monopoly. China shall learn from the different regulatory theories and potential regulatory responses demonstrated in the 100-year history of American antitrust law, understand the fundamental question of "why antitrust", identify the similarities and differences of antitrust regulatory environment between China and the United States, and explore a unique way of China’s antitrust policies for platform economy.