贝尔纳·葛内与法国中世纪晚期政治史研究

Bernard Guenée and Studies of the Political History of Late Medieval France

20世纪70年代,法国传统政治史研究面对年鉴学派的挑战陷入巨大危机。在此关头,索邦大学中世纪史教授贝尔纳·葛内结合当时史学理论和史学方法的新发展,提出研究法国中世纪晚期政治史的新框架。他认为,新的政治史研究应当超越事件与人物,关注权力的演变和结构。政治史研究具有四个层次:社会基础、空间框架、政治行动和政治心态。其中,政治心态史又涵盖公共舆论、政治宣传、民族情感、政治观念等方面的研究。葛内在80年代以后转向中世纪晚期史学史研究,将其视为公共舆论和民族记忆研究的重要途径。在其影响下,戈瓦尔等人以各自出色的作品将葛内于六七十年代勾勒的蓝图付诸实践,在20世纪末推动了法国中世纪晚期政治史研究的复兴。

In the 1970 s,traditional political history faced a great crisis after the rise of the Annales School.At this critical moment,Bernard Guenée,chair of medieval history at Sorbonne University,proposed a new framework for studies of the political history of late medieval France based on new developments of theory and methodology of history.Guenée argued that new political history should go beyond events and historical figures to focus on the evolution and structure of power.New political history should examine four levels of historical development:social basis,spatial framework,political actions,and political mentalities.The study of political mentalities in history also covers the aspects of such as public opinion,political propaganda,national sentiments,and political ideas.After the 1980 s,Guenée’s research interest turned to the historiography of the late Middle Ages,and he regarded it as an important way to study public opinion and national memory.Under his influence,excellent works by Claude Gauvard,Colette Beaune,Jean-Philippe Genêt,and Jacques Krynen testify the full realization of Guenée’s ambitious plan drawn in the 1960 s and1970 s and register the revival of studies of the political history of late medieval France at the end of the twentieth century.