高西尔的道德理论:契约主义与功利主义之间?

David Gauthier’s Moral Theory:Between Contractarianism and Utilitarianism

在当代政治哲学和道德哲学中,有两种契约主义,一种以罗尔斯为代表,另外一种以高西尔为代表。高西尔对契约主义的论证由三个方面组成:首先,基于"内在合理性"的观念,论证了人们是如何达成协议的;其次,基于"外在合理性"的观念,论证了人们是如何遵守协议的;最后,通过"洛克式限制条款",论证了协议本身是公平的。在高西尔的这些论证中,有两种因素在发挥作用,一种是契约主义的合理性,另外一种是功利主义的合理性,而且这两种合理性之间存在着紧张。

There are two kinds of contractarianism in contemporary political and moral theories,of which,the former is represented by John Rawl,and the latter by David Gauthier. Gauthiers theory consists of three parts: he firstly explains how people reach an agreement by internal rationality;secondly how people comply with the agreement by external rationality;and finally by Lockean proviso,he justifies that the agreement itself is fair. Gauthiers argument demonstrates two main elements,contractarian rationality and utilitarian rationality,between which there exists a tension.