国家制裁对犯罪生涯的影响——基于生涯犯罪人的调查数据与田野资料

Impact of Punishment on Criminal Career:Based on Career Criminals’Survey and Field Data

国家制裁是否能够阻断犯罪生涯的持续进而遏制再犯是预防刑论立论的根基性问题。根据对J省和N省监狱7次及以上被判刑或劳教的66名在押罪犯的深度访谈资料、刑事判决书和自传综合分析发现:惩罚预防再犯的边际效益递减明显,即随着处罚次数增加,刑罚体验痛苦性不断下降,犯罪人日渐适应监狱和犯罪生活,对犯罪越来越视若平常。犯罪侦查中的“伦理性执法”,立法层面的“重复惩罚”“延伸惩罚”以及刑罚执行过程中的“整体性惩罚加重,个体性惩罚式弱”等不但未能充分实现惩罚的特殊预防功能,反而消解了犯罪人对刑罚应有的畏惧和顺服。应当通过拒斥“伦理性执法”,避免“重复惩罚”,限缩“资格刑”扩张,逆转“惩罚错位”来提高国家制裁的效应。

Whether punishment could deter the continuation of criminal career and thus play a role in preventing recidivism is the fundamental issue of the preventive theory of punishment.Based on comprehensive analysis of data obtained from in-depth interview,criminal judgment and autobiographies of 66 incarcerated inmates who have been sentenced or re-educated through labor for seven or more times in the prisons of J and N provinces,it is found that the preventive effect of punishment has obvious diminishing marginal utility,that is,as the number of punishment increases,inmates feel less painful.They are gradually adapting to prisons and criminal life,and considering crime as normal.“Ethical law enforcement”in the process of criminal investigation,“repetitive punishment”and“extended punishment”at the level of legislation as well as“aggravating overall punishment”and“alleviating individual punishment”in the course of punishment execution not only fail to fully realize punishment’s function of special prevention,but also dispel inmates’fear and obedience to punishment.To increase the effect of punishment,it is necessary to reject the“ethical law enforcement”,avoid the“repetitive punishment”,limit the“expansion of qualification punishment”,and reverse the“dislocation of punishment”.