反腐败追赃视野下美国违法所得没收程序研究

Research on the Confiscation Procedures of American Illegal Gainsfrom the Perspective of Anti-corruption Recovery

国家监察体制改革以来,作为反腐败海外追赃的直接法律依据,《刑事诉讼法》设立的违法所得没收程序在刑事司法协作上仍有待加强。美国作为我国追逃追赃工作的重点对象国家之一,其对于违法所得的规制具有重要的研究意义。美国的民事诉讼没收和刑事诉讼没收是两种不同的程序体系,在证明标准、损害赔偿、法律责任范围等方面显著不同。因此,需要进一步完善追赃策略,灵活运用诉讼程序。涉及追赃时应当根据实际情况进行具体选择,同时进行刑事和民事诉讼才能使追赃的没收数额最大化。开展对于赃物没收单行法的研究工作,降低与其他国家在司法交流方面的难度。构建境外追赃中我国独立民事诉讼程序,解决民事诉讼对刑事诉讼的依附关系,以便于判决的承认与执行。进一步明确没收对象和范围,有形资产以外的其他收益纳入刑事没收也可以通过立法确立为没收对象。

Since the reform of the national supervision system,as a direct legal basis for anti-corruption overseas recovery of booties,the confiscation procedure of illegal gains,which established by the Criminal Procedure Law still needs to be strengthened in criminal judicial cooperation.The United States,as one of the key target countries in pursuing fugitives and booties of China,has important research significance for the regulation of illegal gains.The confiscation of civil proceedings and criminal proceedings in the United States are two different procedural systems,which are significantly different in the standard of proof,compensation for damages,and the scope of legal liability.Therefore,it is necessary to further improve the recovery strategy and use the litigation procedures flexibly.When it comes to recovery of booties,specific choices should be made according to the actual situation.Only by conducting criminal and civil litigation at the same time can the amount of confiscated booties be maximized.It is necessary to carry out research work on the separate law for confiscation of stolen property to reduce the difficulty of judicial exchanges with other countries,and construct China's independent civil litigation procedures in overseas recovery of booties and resolve the dependence of civil litigation on criminal litigation,so as to facilitate the recognition and execution of judgments.Meanwhile,it should further clarify the object and scope of confiscation,and other proceeds other than tangible assets included in criminal confiscation can also be established as objects of confiscation through legislation.