上古汉语结果自足动词的对立与统一

The Antithesisand Uniformity of the Result entailment Verbs in Ancient Chinese

“破、败、伤、灭、断”等动词与“胜、克”在句式变换上存在对立现象,但是从语义结构的角度分析,这两类对立的动词又具有同一性,他们的词义中均包含动作义与结果义,都属于结果自足动词。这两类动词之所以呈现不同的句式变换格局,是由于其语义结构中结果义的指向不同,“胜、克”的结果义指向动作的施事,而“破、败、伤、灭、断”等动词的结果义指向动作的受事。上古汉语结果自足动词与中古以后出现的动结式在语义结构上存在一致性,结果自足动词与动结式是同样的概念在汉语系统的不同阶段的两种不同的编码方式。

The verbs“break”,“defeat”,“injure”,“destroy”,“sever”and“win”,“overcome”are opposite in sentence pattern transformation.However,from the perspective of semantic structure,these two kinds of opposite verbs are homogeneous in their meanings which contain action meaning and result meaning,all belong to the result entailment verbs.The reason why these two kinds of verbs present different sentence pattern transformations is that the direction of the result meaning in their se-mantic structure is different.The result meaning of“win and overcome”refers to the doer of the ac-tion,while the result meaning of“break,defeat,injure,destroy and sever”refers to the recipient of the action.The semantic structure of the result entailment verbs in ancient Chinese is consistent with the resultative verbs in medieval Chinese,they are,anyhow,only of the two different encoding ways of the same concept during different phases of Chinese language system.