森林生态系统鸟类尸体被负葬甲属昆虫利用状况模拟分析

Simulation Analysis on the Utilization Status of Bird Carcasses Covered by Nicrophorus

负葬甲属(Nicrophorus)昆虫具有埋藏小型动物尸体加以利用的习性,在生态系统物质流动过程中具有较大贡献,对阻止野生动物疫病扩散起积极作用。2019年7月,在黑龙江省帽儿山实验林场老山生态站调查了鸟类(Aves)种类及数量,并投放90只不同质量梯度(尸体质量m<100 g、100 g≤m<200 g、200 g≤m<300 g、300 g≤m<400 g和m≥400 g)的雏鸡尸体,模拟森林生态系统中不同体质量鸟类的尸体,借此分析森林生态系统中鸟类尸体被当地负葬甲属昆虫埋藏的情况。结果表明:调查样地内共记录鸟类7目19科36种235只。当地黑负葬甲(N.concolor)、达乌里负葬甲(N.dauricus)、前星负葬甲(N.maculifrons)和尼负葬甲(N.nepalensis)具有埋藏鸟类尸体的行为。4种负葬甲共埋藏雏鸡尸体63只,占投放数量的70%。随尸体质量的增加,负葬甲对尸体的埋藏率逐渐减少,埋藏时长逐渐增加。尸体质量在200 g以下时,4种负葬甲均可埋藏,它们之间存在明显的竞争关系;尸体质量在200—400 g时,仅黑负葬甲可以埋藏利用;尸体质量≥400 g时,不能被负葬甲埋藏。依据负葬甲对不同尸体质量雏鸡的埋藏率,结合当地鸟类分布状况,发现当地分布的36种鸟类中,可能被负葬甲埋藏的有33种,占当地鸟类种数的91.67%。推测当地分布的鸟类中,死亡后有95.38%的尸体可被负葬甲埋藏。尼负葬甲和达乌里负葬甲可埋藏质量小于200 g的尸体,埋藏率分别为38.09%和30.74%,黑负葬甲对质量较大尸体的埋藏有较高的贡献率。前星负葬甲,因为数量较少,贡献率仅为7.76%。研究发现,在温带森林生态系统中,负葬甲在对鸟类尸体利用上占据优势地位,对于维持生态系统的稳定发挥着重要作用。而负葬甲利用尸体质量的差别选择是竞争能力和生存策略共同作用的结果。

Nicrophorus insects have the habit of burying small animal carcasses for use.They have a great contribution to the material flow of the ecosystem and play a positive role in preventing the spread of wild animal diseases.In July 2019,the species and quantity of Aves were investigated at the Laoshan Ecological Station of Maoershan Experimental Forest Farm in Heilongjiang Province.A total of 90 chick carcasses with different carcasses mass gradients(The carcasses mass m<100 g,100 g≤m<200 g,200 g≤m<300 g,300 g≤m<400 g and m≥400 g)were used to simulate the carcasses of birds of different carcasses masses in the forest ecosystem for analysis of the situation in which the carcasses of birds in the forest ecosystem are buried by local Nicrophorus insects.The results showed that a total of 235 birds,belonging to 36 species,19 families,7 orders,were recorded in the survey plots.Local N.concolor,N.dauricus,N.maculifrons,and N.nepalensis have the behavior of burying bird carcasses.A total of 63 chick carcasses were buried by the four types of Nicrophorus,accounting for 70%of the total number.With the increase in carcasses mass,the burial rate of the carcasses by the Nicrophorus gradually decreased,and the burial time gradually increased.When the carcasses mass is less than 200 g,the carcasses can be buried by all four types of Nicrophorus,showing an obvious competitive relationship among them.When the carcasses mass is 200-400 g,the carcasses can be buried and used only by N.concolor.When the carcasses mass is≥400 g,it cannot be buried by Nicrophorus.According to Nicrophorus burial rate,combined with the distribution of local birds,it is found that among the 36 species of birds distributed in the local area,33 species may be buried by the Nicrophorus,accounting for 91.67%of the local bird species.It is speculated that 95.38%of the carcasses of the local birds can be buried by Nicrophorus.The N.nepalensis and N.dauricus can bury carcasses with a carcasses mass less than 200 g,and the burial rates are 38.09%and 30.74%,respectively.The N.concolor has a higher contribution rate to the burial of larger-mass carcasses.The contribution rate of N.maculifrons is only 7.76%.The study found that in the temperate forest ecosystem,Nicrophorus occupies a dominant position in the use of bird carcasses and plays an important role in maintaining the stability of the ecosystem.The difference in Nicrophorus use of the carcasses is the result of the combined effect of competitiveness and survival strategy.