中国圈养褐马鸡种群和饲养管理现状调查

A Survey on the Current Status of Population and Management of Captive Brown Eared-Pheasant(Crossoptilon mantchuricum)in China

在现有褐马鸡(Crossoptilon mantchuricum)谱系调查基础上,2019年发放问卷,对我国褐马鸡种群和饲养现状进行研究。结果表明:截至2020年6月30日,中国圈养褐马鸡种群共有存活个体121只,饲养在全国7个单位。种群统计学和遗传学分析结果显示,圈养种群建立者11只,潜在建立者12只,83.5%的个体处于繁殖年龄,种群未来发展具有较大潜力;圈养个体存活率随年龄增长而下降;在存活时间和繁殖间隔方面,雄性均比雌性长;种群中28%个体的祖先得到确定,人工种群存在一定程度的近亲繁殖。从饲养管理、食物、繁殖、疾病与预防方面,对饲养现状的调查分析显示,91%以上的个体饲养在太原动物园、山西庞泉沟国家级自然保护区、河北小五台山国家级自然保护区管理中心;不同饲养单位在人员配置、饲养笼舍面积和设施、食物供给、疾病预防等方面各有优势。根据种群和饲养现状调查结果建议,今后加强各饲养单位间的合作,扩大圈养种群的数量;进一步明确种群中个体关系,鼓励潜在建立者参与繁殖,避免近亲繁殖,提高种群遗传多样性。在个体标识、食物种类、饲养面积、个体存活率方面做进一步完善;鼓励亲鸟养育,筛选行为丰富、适应力强、遗传多样性高的优良个体,为再引入研究创造条件。

On the basis of existing studbook,a questionnaire survey on the current status of captive brown eared-pheasant(Crossoptilon mantchuricum)in China was conducted during 2019-2020.The results showed there were 121 brown eared-pheasants in the seven units(four Provincial Capital Zoos,one Forest Park and two National Natural Reserves)by 30th June 2020.Population statistics and genetic analysis showed 11 founders,12 potential founders,and 83.5 percent individuals being at reproductive age in the population.Therefore,the population has great potential to develop in future.The survival rate of individuals decreases with age.Both lifetime and generation length of the males are longer than that of females.The ancestries of 28 percent individuals have been identified,with a degree of inbreeding within the population.In the past two years,more than 91 percent individuals were raised in Taiyuan Zoo,Pangquangou National Nature Reserve in Shanxi Province and Xiaowutai Mountain National Nature Reserve in Hebei Province,where these units have the advantages in staff allocation,size and facilities of aviaries,food supply,and disease prevention.It is proposed to enhance the cooperation between the breeding centres to increase the population,clarify the relationship between individuals,encourage potential founders to participate in breeding and avoid inbreeding,as well as improve the genetic diversity of population.The management of captive population should focus on individual identification,food variety,feeding area,disease prevention and treatment,and improvement in survival rate.For reintroduction,the natural breeding behavior of excellent individuals with rich adaptability and genetic diversity should be reared,so as to create conditions for further research into the reintroduction of this species.